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Endo > Hypothalamus and PG > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and PG Flashcards

Wk 3

1
Q

How is the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary connected?

A

neurally via the pituitary lobe extending from the median eminence

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2
Q

How do the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland communicate?

A

hypothaliac neurons release neuropeptides down the median eminence

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3
Q

how are the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland connected?

A

vascularly, blood flows through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal into anteriror sinuses and down the pitutray stalk.

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4
Q

what are the two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones?

A

Regulating hormones and inhibiting hormones

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5
Q

describe the mode of action for hormone secretion

A

Neurosecretory gland stimulated –> releases hormone –> discharged into hypophyseal poral circulation

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6
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland also known as and where is it’s origin?

A

adenohyophysis - rathe’s pouch

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7
Q

What are the main functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Control centre for hormone sectertion, hmoestatic regulation of food intake and fluid balance, emotions and patterns.

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8
Q

What hormones does the anterior hormone secrete?

A

TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), FSH and LH

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9
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

Oxytocin and ADH (AKA vasopressin)

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10
Q

How is the secretion of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulated?

A

Neural, hormonal and enviromental regulation signals will ensure that rhythm is maintained (sleep and awake) and organs will send signals too.

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11
Q

How many amino acids make up CRH and what is it’s purpose?

A

41, stimulates ACTH secretion which stimulate release of cortisol.

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12
Q

What is the mechansims of action for CRH?

A

Binds to a GPCR on cell membrane -> acttvates a subunit –> cAMP –> Kinase A –> inc. Ca –> exocytosis

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13
Q

How many amino acids make up TRH and what is its purpose?

A

3, stimulates TSH production

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14
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for TRH

A

TRH binds to GPCR –> DAG/IP3 pathway triggered

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15
Q

How many amino acids are in GHRH and what is its purpose?

A

43, stimulates GH secretion

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action for GHRH?

A

GRHR binds to G-protein –> activates G a subunit –> adenylyl cyclase –> cAMP (increased gene transcription and GH synthesis) –> Ca chanel opens –> releases GH

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17
Q

How many amino acids in GnRH and what is its purpose?

A

10, releases the main sex hormones for our gonads.

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18
Q

What are the two functions of Somatostatin?

A

Inhibits GH secretion via somatotrophs and inhibits TSH secretion via the thyrotrophs

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19
Q

what is the mechanism of action for somatostatin?

A

GPCR binding –> activates G subunit a –> INHIBITS Adenlyl C –> decrease in cytosolic Ca –> diminishes response of somatotroph to GHRH

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20
Q

what is the function of dopamine?

A

inhibiting factor and hormone of prolactin

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21
Q

Where is dopamine secreted from and synthesised?

A

Dopaminergic neurons in hypothalamus

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22
Q

Are the cells that secrete posterior pituitary hormones in the pituitary?

A

no

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23
Q

What is the precursor molecule for ADH?

A

prepropressophysin

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24
Q

what is the target tissue for ADH?

A

nephrons in kidney

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25
Q

How are ADH and Oxytocin transported?

A

Transported down axons via axoplasmic flow

26
Q

What is the precursor of oxytocin?

A

preproxyphysin

27
Q

what is the target tissue of oxytocin?

A

lacating breast and uterus during pregnancy

28
Q

what are the functions of oxytocin?

A

stimulates milk ejection by producing contraction myoepitheal cells on the aveloi and ducts in mammary glands
and creates rhythmic contractions to induce labour and regress uterus after delivery

29
Q

What is the name of the hypothalamic region where parvocellular neurons release hormones?

A

Secreted via the median eminence and into the hypothalami-hypophyseal portal vasculature

30
Q

What is the hypothalamic nuclei responsible for oxytocin production?

A

periventricular nuclei

31
Q

What is the hypothalamic nuclei responsible for ADH production?

A

supraoptic

32
Q

What is the target cell for TRH?

A

thyrotropin cells

33
Q

What is the target cell/organ for CRH?

A

adrenal cortex

34
Q

What is the target cell/organ for GHRH?

A

Pituitary somatotroph cells

35
Q

What is an example of a primary disorder?

A

Thyroid Gland not functioning: not responding to TSH and decreased overall T4 and T3 levels. The pituitary gland still working (secondary) as is secreting TSH and the Hypothalamus (tertiary) is still regulating the response. Therefore is primary.

36
Q

What is the Target Cell of GnRH?

A

gonadotropic cells

36
Q

What is a Secondary Disorder example?

A

When an issue with the Pituitary Gland

37
Q

Describe how blood is supplied to the pituitary gland.

A

Blood enters the hypothalamus via the superior hypophysial arteries. The primary Capillary plexuses (capillary network) in the medical eminence distribute this blood via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal long portals. these portals pour blood into the anterior and pituitary sinuses.

37
Q

What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal long portal vessels’ function?

A

it is a mechanism for hypothalamic neurohormone regulation and release of pituitary hormones.

38
Q

What is the neuroendocrine reflex?

A

stimulus –> nervous system –> triggers release of hormones

39
Q

What is reflex arc vs neuroendocrine reflex?

A

Nerodendocriene is where stimulus creates release of hormones whilst arc involves sensory and motor neurons to create muscle reflex

40
Q

Describe the secretion of GnRH into the portal system

A

pulsatile

41
Q

is CRH secerted in other parts of the nervous system?

A

Yes- as neurotransmitters

42
Q

The Superior hypophyseal artery forms…

A

primary capilary plexus in the median eminence

43
Q

Increased serumosmolarity…

A

increases ADH release

44
Q

What is the effect of TRH on prolactin secretion?

A

It is a stimulatory hormone for prolactin production

45
Q

what is the only catecholamine released into the median eminence?

A

Dopamine

46
Q

What hormone can inhibt TRH secreation?

A

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone

47
Q

What does CRH (from the hypothalamus) stimulate to secrete ACTH?

A

corticotropes

48
Q

Does estrogen decrease the recetors of oxytosin?

A

No- it increases them as is synegtic

49
Q

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus produce large quantities of

A

Neurohormones

50
Q

What peptide (apart from OT and ADH) is released from the PPG?

A

Neurophysin

51
Q

What occurs in diabetes insidious?

A

body makes too much urine

52
Q

How are pituitary hormones transported down the neurons

A

axoplasmic flow

53
Q

what does adiophils secrete?

A

prolactin (lactotrophs) and GH (somatotrophs)

54
Q

What is the stimulus for ADH secretion?

A

increased osmatic plasma pressure and decreased blood/ECF volume

55
Q

What are the major actions of ADH?

A

vasoconstriction, increased water absorption and increased blood pressure

56
Q

What are the two receptors that ADH can bind to?

A

V1 and V2

57
Q

What pathway is stimulated when ADH uses V1 receptor?

A

Phosoplice C to produce calcium

58
Q

What pathway is stimulated when ADH uses V2 receptor?

A

cAMP- PKA

59
Q

What second messenger does Oxytocin use and why?

A

GPCR–> PLC –> IP3 –> Ca. Needs calcium to allow for the contractions of uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells,

Endo (14 decks)

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