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Endo > Cell-to-Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell-to-Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cell to cell communication?

A

Direct and Indirect

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2
Q

What are the mechanisms of communication for direct?

A

Gap Junctions and anchored extracellular messengers

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3
Q

What are gap junctions and how to the allow for cell-cell communication?

A

cells that connect to the cytoplasm of other cell and allow for direct transfer of ions, small molecuels and second messengers. Chemical.

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4
Q

what are anchored extracellular messengers?

A

signal molecule anchored in plamsa membrane. Interacts with other cells’ receptor

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5
Q

what are the mechanisms’ of indirect cell communication?

A

Secreted extracellular messengers (chemical) or target cell receptors. Paracrine, Endocrine, Autocrine, Neurocrine

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6
Q

What does paracrine chemicals act on and an example?

A

proximal cell, histamine

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7
Q

what does autocrine chemical act on and what does it achieve?

A

same cell released from and limits release of a chemical.

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8
Q

what does neurocrine act on?

A

neurons or a target cell

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9
Q

what are the three types of neurocrine messengers?

A

Neurotransmitters, neuromodulaors and neurohormones

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

single molecule moves across synapse to target cell/neuron

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11
Q

neuromodulators

A

chemical that effects the neurotransmission of nearby neurons.

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12
Q

What are neurohormones?

A

release by neurosectertory hormones and diffuse through the blood.

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13
Q

What are the types of chemical messengers?

A

Modified amino acids, peptides, polypeptides/proteins, amines and steroids.

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14
Q

what are two examples of a modifed amino acid?

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

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15
Q

what are two examples of a steroid?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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16
Q

what are two examples of peptides?

A

ADH, Oxytocin

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17
Q

what are two examples of polypeptides?

A

FSH and insulin

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18
Q

what are the two characters that chemical messengers are split up by?

A

Lipophobic and lipohilic

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19
Q

what is lipophobic and and where are their receptors?

A

water soluble but not lipid soluble that dissolves in blood. Cell membrane

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20
Q

what is lipophilic and where are its receptors?

A

water insoluble but lipid soluble. inside the cell (mostly)

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21
Q

Which type of cell messenger can cross cell membranes?

A

cells that are Lipophilic

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22
Q

what chemical messengers are directly encoded in our DNA?

A

protiens, peptides and polypeptides.

23
Q

what chemical messengers are produced by intracellular biosynthetic pathways?

A

Steriods

24
Q

intracellular

A

located/occuring within the cell

25
Q

intercellular

A

located/occurring between cells.

26
Q

Why are chemical messengers food for cell to cell communication?

A

they don’t have nay other biomedical role so are available and effective. They are useful for long distant communication, are rapid and have specific targets and functions.

27
Q

what is the role of receptors in cell-cell communication?

A

allow messenger molecules and proteins to bind to their target cell. Membrane receptors allow for the transcription of specific proteins.

28
Q

what are the different types of membrane receptors?

A

Receptro channels, receptor-enzyme, G Protein Coupled receptor and integrin.

29
Q

What is the mode of action for receptor channels?

A

Chanel opens, channel might be linked to G-protien = second messenger created, other channels open and respond to second messenger.

30
Q

What are receptor-enzyme membrane receptors?

A

Receptors that are linked to or have enzymatic activity.

31
Q

What is the mode of action for receptor-enzymes?

A

Signal molecule binds, receptor channel opens, channel linked to G-Protein, second messenger created, other channels open and respond to second messengers.

32
Q

What is a GPCR?

A

member of the superfamily of G-binding proteins that have a three-part membrabe transductor.

33
Q

what is the role of GPCR in cell communication and when does it activate?

A

Role in second messenger transmission. Activated when ion channels open or enzyme activity occurs.

34
Q

what is the subunit of GPCR involved in the cAMP second messenger?

A

a

35
Q

What is the mode of action of the GPCR in the pathway involving cAMP?

A

ligan binds to receptor protein and changes conformation –> causes GDP to become GTP in a unit (active) –> a subunit dissociates and binds to effector molecule

36
Q

what are intracellular biosynthesis pathways?

A

Connection of cell surface to nucleus creating change in gene expression.

37
Q

what is intercellular pathways and its roll in cell-cell communication?

A

signals that travel throughout the body and allows glands to produce signals that will act on different tissues?

38
Q

What are three important second messengers?

A

cAMP, Calcium and DAG.

39
Q

True or false: Second messengers have to be membrane bound?

A

true

40
Q

What are the actions of second messengers?

A

alter ion gating channel, increase intracellular calcium and change enzyme activity.

41
Q

What is the general structure of how second messengers communicate?

A

The signal molecule binds to a receptor and activates proteins –> proteins become amplifier enzyme –> enzyme creates signal messenger –> second messenger activates something –? phosphorylates to create a response.

42
Q

What are the steps required to make cAMP and the resulting actions?

A

signal molecule binds to GPCR –> G-protein activates –> turns on adenylyl cyclic (amplifier) –> converts ATP into cAMP –. activates protein kinase A –> phosphorylates other proteins

43
Q

Name the different types of neurotransmitters

A

AcetyChline, Catecholamines, Amino acids, morphine-like substances and peptides.

43
Q

What are the two types of neurotransmitters?

A

inhibitory and exhibitory

44
Q

How do inhibitory neurotransmitters help in chemical communication?

A

They cause the polarisation of postsynaptic membranes and supresses action potentials

45
Q

what are examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

GABA and Glycine

46
Q

How do exhibitory neurotransmitters help in chemical communication?

A

Causes depolarization of postsynaptic membranes and promotes action potentials.

47
Q

What are the main differences between hormones and neurohormones?

A

where secetred from and who communication between (NH= neuron –> neuron targets)

48
Q

What is the source of the second messenger calcium?

A

through ion channel’s pr from ER

49
Q

What is the effect of calcium?

A

When 4 are present it will unlock calmodulin which activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. This then allows for the phosphorylation of other proteins and a cascade of enzyme activity.

50
Q

what is the source of DAG?

A

GPCR activates Phosphiliaose C which then generates DAG.

51
Q

what is the effect of DAG?

A

with calcium, activates protein Kinase C which results in the phosphorylation of other proteins.

52
Q

Which characteristics of receptors can bind to receptors in the cytoplasm?

A

lilophobic

Endo (14 decks)

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