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Endo > Endocrine, hormone, biosynthesis > Flashcards

Endocrine, hormone, biosynthesis Flashcards

Endo wk 2

1
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

near centre of the braun

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2
Q

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin.

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3
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

Inferior to cortex, anterior to cerebellum, posterior to optic chiasm, superior to brainstem and medical to thalami.

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4
Q

What hormones do the hypothalamus secrete?

A

GHRH, TRH, CRH, ADH and dopamine

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5
Q

where is the pituitary gland (hypophysis)?

A

under the hypothalamus, in the depression of the sphenoid skull bone.

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6
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

oxytocin and ADH

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7
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A

TSH, FSH and Prolactin

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8
Q

What class of hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

A

proteins and polypeptides

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9
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A

inferior to the larynx, around the trachea

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10
Q

What hormones does the thyroid hormone produce?

A

Tri-iodonthronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

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11
Q

what class of hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

amino acid derivatives

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12
Q

where are the parpathyroids?

A

4 small glands on the dorsal side of the thyroid.

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13
Q

what hormone does the parathyroids produce and what class is it?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), proteins and peptides.

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14
Q

Where is the adrenal gland?

A

superiror to the kidney

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15
Q

What hormones are produced in the Adrenal cortex and what class are they?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone and Androgens = steroid hormones

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16
Q

what hormones are produced in the Adrenal medulla and what class are they?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine = amino acid, tyrosine derivatives

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17
Q

Where is the pancreatic gland?

A

dorsal and inferior to the the stomach

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18
Q

What hormone does the beta islet cells of the pancreatic gland produce?

A

insulin

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19
Q

What hormone does the alpha islet cells of the pancreatic gland produce?

A

glucagon

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20
Q

what class of hormones does the pancreatic gland produce?

A

protiens and peptides

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21
Q

where are the ovaries?

A

lateral to the uterus, two, one on each side of womb

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22
Q

What hormones does the ovaries produce and what class are they?

A

estrogen, progestorone, AMh and inhibin A and B = steroid

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23
Q

Where are the testes?

A

2 glands in scrotum, posterior to penis and anterior to anus.

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24
Q

What hormones does the testes produce and what class are they?

A

testosterone, AMH and inhibin B = steroids

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25
Q

What are the two main differences that disnquish endocrine from exocrine?

A

if it has a duct and where it secterets to.

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26
Q

What (out of peptides, steroids and thryoid) are bound?

A

steroids (carriers) and throid (plasma)

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

A

diffusion through membrane lipids –> binds to cytoplasmic OR nuclear receptors –> creates hormone-receptor with DNA –> activates genes –> transcription and translation of mRNA –> protien synthesis –> response.

28
Q

Are protein hormones water soluble?

A

yes

29
Q

Are steroid and thyroid hormones water soluble? If not decribe membrabe permiability

A

no- lipid soluble. S= diffusion, T= transport proteins

30
Q

What is the mechanism of action for thyroid hormones?

A

diffuses through plasma –> binds to intracellular receptor –> creates receptor hormone complex –> RHC enters nucleus –> binds to hormone response element (DNA) –> transcription initiated.

31
Q

what are the four classifications of molecules in the endocrine system?

A

proteins and peptides, cholestrol, amino acids and fatty acids.

32
Q

If there is a deficiency in hormones what occurs?

A

Up regulation, increases number of receptors so more can bind.

33
Q

What are the three classifications of hormones?

A

Proteins/polypeptides, steroid hormones and derivatives of amino acid tyrosine

34
Q

What are examples of protein and polypeptide

A

pituitary gland hormones, pancreatic hormones and parathyroid gland hormones.

35
Q

What class of hormones makes up the majority of hormones?

A

protein and polypeptide hormones.

36
Q

What are the three chemical classifications of protein hormones?

A

Oligopeptide, polypeptide and glycoproteins

37
Q

how many amino acids in oligpeptides?

A

3-10 amino acids

38
Q

How many amino acids in polypeptides?

A

14-199

39
Q

what are some examples of polypeptides?

A

Growth Hormone, insulin and parathyrid hormone,

40
Q

what is the chemical classification of amine hormone.

A

Monoamines- dopamine, epinephrine, melatonin and serotonin.

41
Q

what is the chemical classification of steroid hormone.

A

cortisone, progesterone, oestergoen

42
Q

What are the classifications of molecules in endocrine system?

A

proteins and peptides, cholesterol, amino acids and fatty acids (not true hormones)

43
Q

where are fatty acid derived hormones produced and what is their function?

A

every cell in the body, regulation of blood pressure, inflammation and blood clotting.

44
Q

What are the characteristics of proteins and polypeptides?

A

highly water soluble low lipid solubility, free form transportation but always bind to receptor to create a second messenger in target cell.

45
Q

Where are proteins and polypeptides stored and what are they secreted by?

A

stored in secretory granules and secreted by the pituitary gland, pancreatic gland, GI tract, hypothalamus , kidneys, thyroid cells, liver, kidney and parathyroid gland.

46
Q

Where do amine hormones come from?

A

Amino acid tyrosine (thyroid hormones and catecholamines)

47
Q

How do amine hormones act?

A

stored (like protiens) untill needed, have intracellular receptors and mind directly to receptors in nucleus, most catecholamines travel in blood and have membrane receptors.

48
Q

What are the characteristics of steroid hormones?

A

lipid soluble, cholesterol precursor (usually), bound to plasma proteins and not stored once form

49
Q

What is the relationhsip between steroids and cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is common precursor, cholesterol leads to steroid activation which then mist use certain enzymes for actions.

50
Q

What are the functions of endocrinology?

A

regulation, control, maintaing homeostasis, cell growth, coordinates devlopemoent and reproduction and facilities responses to external stimuli.

51
Q

What happnes if a protien cant find a receptor to bind to?

A

hormone deficiency

52
Q

how do water-soluble hormone molecules circulate the blood?

A

in free form

53
Q

how do lipid soluble hormones circulate through the blood?

A

binds to transporat proteins (then disattaches to get into membrane)

54
Q

what are examples of transport proteins?

A

Albumin and globulins.

55
Q

do free form or plasma/protein bound hormones have a longer half life? Why?

A

plasma/protein bound. Not as easily broken down by enzymes

56
Q

what can free hormones do that bound ones canntot?

A

freely leave blood caoiliary to influence target.

57
Q

what impacts do hormones have on the body?

A

changes plasma permeability and electrical state, synthesies proteins and enzymes, activates/deactivates enzymes, stimulates mitosis and promotes sensory acitivty.

58
Q

what are agonists

A

molecules that bind to the receptor and act as normal hormones

59
Q

what are antagonists?

A

bind to receptor and blocks the binding of the agonist.

60
Q

What are permissiveness hormones?

A

when one hormone requires another to facilitate action.

61
Q

What are synergism hormones?

A

When several hormone’s actions are complimentary.

62
Q

What is an example of synergism in hormones?

A

FSH and Testosterone both used for sperm production.

63
Q

what is a tropic hormone?

A

hormone that stimulates the secretion of another.

64
Q

what is the role of hormones in the negtaive feedback loop?

A

most important for hormonal control, prevents over activty of a hormone and can allow for a clinical diagnosis.

65
Q

what are two examples of endorcine disorders?

A

Hypersecreation/hyposecretion (too much/little) hormone and pituitary gland secterating too little because cannot function normally (primary)

Endo (14 decks)

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