Endocrine, hormone, biosynthesis

Question 1

Where is the pineal gland?

Answer 1

near centre of the braun

Question 2

what hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 2

melatonin.

Question 3

Where is the hypothalamus?

Answer 3

Inferior to cortex, anterior to cerebellum, posterior to optic chiasm, superior to brainstem and medical to thalami.

Question 4

What hormones do the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 4

GHRH, TRH, CRH, ADH and dopamine

Question 5

where is the pituitary gland (hypophysis)?

Answer 5

under the hypothalamus, in the depression of the sphenoid skull bone.

Question 6

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

Answer 6

oxytocin and ADH

Question 7

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

Answer 7

TSH, FSH and Prolactin

Question 8

What class of hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

Answer 8

proteins and polypeptides

Question 9

where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 9

inferior to the larynx, around the trachea

Question 10

What hormones does the thyroid hormone produce?

Answer 10

Tri-iodonthronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

Question 11

what class of hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 11

amino acid derivatives

Question 12

where are the parpathyroids?

Answer 12

4 small glands on the dorsal side of the thyroid.

Question 13

what hormone does the parathyroids produce and what class is it?

Answer 13

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), proteins and peptides.

Question 14

Where is the adrenal gland?

Answer 14

superiror to the kidney

Question 15

What hormones are produced in the Adrenal cortex and what class are they?

Answer 15

Cortisol, aldosterone and Androgens = steroid hormones

Question 16

what hormones are produced in the Adrenal medulla and what class are they?

Answer 16

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine = amino acid, tyrosine derivatives

Question 17

Where is the pancreatic gland?

Answer 17

dorsal and inferior to the the stomach

Question 18

What hormone does the beta islet cells of the pancreatic gland produce?

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

What hormone does the alpha islet cells of the pancreatic gland produce?

Answer 19

glucagon

Question 20

what class of hormones does the pancreatic gland produce?

Answer 20

protiens and peptides

Question 21

where are the ovaries?

Answer 21

lateral to the uterus, two, one on each side of womb

Question 22

What hormones does the ovaries produce and what class are they?

Answer 22

estrogen, progestorone, AMh and inhibin A and B = steroid

Question 23

Where are the testes?

Answer 23

2 glands in scrotum, posterior to penis and anterior to anus.

Question 24

What hormones does the testes produce and what class are they?

Answer 24

testosterone, AMH and inhibin B = steroids

Question 25

What are the two main differences that disnquish endocrine from exocrine?

Answer 25

if it has a duct and where it secterets to.

Question 26

What (out of peptides, steroids and thryoid) are bound?

Answer 26

steroids (carriers) and throid (plasma)

Question 27

What is the mechanism of action for steroid hormones?

Answer 27

diffusion through membrane lipids --> binds to cytoplasmic OR nuclear receptors --> creates hormone-receptor with DNA --> activates genes --> transcription and translation of mRNA --> protien synthesis --> response.

Question 28

Are protein hormones water soluble?

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

Are steroid and thyroid hormones water soluble? If not decribe membrabe permiability

Answer 29

no- lipid soluble. S= diffusion, T= transport proteins

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action for thyroid hormones?

Answer 30

diffuses through plasma --> binds to intracellular receptor --> creates receptor hormone complex --> RHC enters nucleus --> binds to hormone response element (DNA) --> transcription initiated.

Question 31

what are the four classifications of molecules in the endocrine system?

Answer 31

proteins and peptides, cholestrol, amino acids and fatty acids.

Question 32

If there is a deficiency in hormones what occurs?

Answer 32

Up regulation, increases number of receptors so more can bind.

Question 33

What are the three classifications of hormones?

Answer 33

Proteins/polypeptides, steroid hormones and derivatives of amino acid tyrosine

Question 34

What are examples of protein and polypeptide

Answer 34

pituitary gland hormones, pancreatic hormones and parathyroid gland hormones.

Question 35

What class of hormones makes up the majority of hormones?

Answer 35

protein and polypeptide hormones.

Question 36

What are the three chemical classifications of protein hormones?

Answer 36

Oligopeptide, polypeptide and glycoproteins

Question 37

how many amino acids in oligpeptides?

Answer 37

3-10 amino acids

Question 38

How many amino acids in polypeptides?

Answer 38

14-199

Question 39

what are some examples of polypeptides?

Answer 39

Growth Hormone, insulin and parathyrid hormone,

Question 40

what is the chemical classification of amine hormone.

Answer 40

Monoamines- dopamine, epinephrine, melatonin and serotonin.

Question 41

what is the chemical classification of steroid hormone.

Answer 41

cortisone, progesterone, oestergoen

Question 42

What are the classifications of molecules in endocrine system?

Answer 42

proteins and peptides, cholesterol, amino acids and fatty acids (not true hormones)

Question 43

where are fatty acid derived hormones produced and what is their function?

Answer 43

every cell in the body, regulation of blood pressure, inflammation and blood clotting.

Question 44

What are the characteristics of proteins and polypeptides?

Answer 44

highly water soluble low lipid solubility, free form transportation but always bind to receptor to create a second messenger in target cell.

Question 45

Where are proteins and polypeptides stored and what are they secreted by?

Answer 45

stored in secretory granules and secreted by the pituitary gland, pancreatic gland, GI tract, hypothalamus , kidneys, thyroid cells, liver, kidney and parathyroid gland.

Question 46

Where do amine hormones come from?

Answer 46

Amino acid tyrosine (thyroid hormones and catecholamines)

Question 47

How do amine hormones act?

Answer 47

stored (like protiens) untill needed, have intracellular receptors and mind directly to receptors in nucleus, most catecholamines travel in blood and have membrane receptors.

Question 48

What are the characteristics of steroid hormones?

Answer 48

lipid soluble, cholesterol precursor (usually), bound to plasma proteins and not stored once form

Question 49

What is the relationhsip between steroids and cholesterol?

Answer 49

Cholesterol is common precursor, cholesterol leads to steroid activation which then mist use certain enzymes for actions.

Question 50

What are the functions of endocrinology?

Answer 50

regulation, control, maintaing homeostasis, cell growth, coordinates devlopemoent and reproduction and facilities responses to external stimuli.

Question 51

What happnes if a protien cant find a receptor to bind to?

Answer 51

hormone deficiency

Question 52

how do water-soluble hormone molecules circulate the blood?

Answer 52

in free form

Question 53

how do lipid soluble hormones circulate through the blood?

Answer 53

binds to transporat proteins (then disattaches to get into membrane)

Question 54

what are examples of transport proteins?

Answer 54

Albumin and globulins.

Question 55

do free form or plasma/protein bound hormones have a longer half life? Why?

Answer 55

plasma/protein bound. Not as easily broken down by enzymes

Question 56

what can free hormones do that bound ones canntot?

Answer 56

freely leave blood caoiliary to influence target.

Question 57

what impacts do hormones have on the body?

Answer 57

changes plasma permeability and electrical state, synthesies proteins and enzymes, activates/deactivates enzymes, stimulates mitosis and promotes sensory acitivty.

Question 58

what are agonists

Answer 58

molecules that bind to the receptor and act as normal hormones

Question 59

what are antagonists?

Answer 59

bind to receptor and blocks the binding of the agonist.

Question 60

What are permissiveness hormones?

Answer 60

when one hormone requires another to facilitate action.

Question 61

What are synergism hormones?

Answer 61

When several hormone's actions are complimentary.

Question 62

What is an example of synergism in hormones?

Answer 62

FSH and Testosterone both used for sperm production.

Question 63

what is a tropic hormone?

Answer 63

hormone that stimulates the secretion of another.

Question 64

what is the role of hormones in the negtaive feedback loop?

Answer 64

most important for hormonal control, prevents over activty of a hormone and can allow for a clinical diagnosis.

Question 65

what are two examples of endorcine disorders?

Answer 65

Hypersecreation/hyposecretion (too much/little) hormone and pituitary gland secterating too little because cannot function normally (primary)