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Endocrine regulation of Body Water Flashcards

Wk 10

1
Q

What are the 5 important aspects of body fluids?

A

1- electrolyte balance and osmoregulation

2- transportation

3- metabolic reactions

4-pH Balance

5- Temperature regulation

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2
Q

What are body fluids secrted into?

A

joints, cerebral ventricle and intestinal lumen

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3
Q

How is body fluid distributed between interstitial and intracellular space?

A

Via osmosis

Water crosses cell membrane rapidly to equalise particle concentration

Not permeable to electrolytes

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4
Q

What are the six major electroylates?

A

Sodium, potassium, Chloride, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate

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5
Q

What is the role of Chloride?

A

Helps maintain osmotic pressure and water balance by working with Na.

Forms HCL as gastric juice = digestion and killing bacteria

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6
Q

What is the most abundant anion in the ECF?

A

Chloride

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7
Q

what is the most abundant cation in the ECF?

A

Sodium

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8
Q

What is the role of sodium?

A

Maintain fluid balance

Nerve signal transmission and muscle function

Regulation of blood pressure and volume

Aids transport others

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9
Q

What is the distribution and role of Potassium?

A

Distribution= mostly in ICF

Maintaining fluid balance, transmitting nerve signals and regulating heart and muscle contractions

Creates K gradients needed for electrical activity of cells

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10
Q

What are the important roles of calcium?

A

Bone structure

Crucial neurotransmitter release in nerve cells

Muscle contraction and blood clotting

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11
Q

What is the distribution and role of Magnesium?

A

Used in over 3000 enzyme reactions

Essential for DNA and protein synthesis

Cellular energy production processes

Supports normal nerve and muscle function

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12
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate?

A

Buffer for pH of blood and others

Counteracts effects of acid produced in metabolic processes

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13
Q

What constituents organic substances?

A

Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, lipids, hormones and enzymes

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14
Q

what constitutes inorganic substances?

A

Na, K, Ca, Mg2+, HCO3-, PO3, SO4

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15
Q

Are there more negatively or positively charged ions in plasma?

A

Positively

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16
Q

What do plasma proteins hold?

A

cations in plasma

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17
Q

What is the physiological effect of isotonic saline?

A

does not cause fluid to move into/out of cells = stabilises BP and V

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18
Q

What are the physiological effects of hypertonic saline?

A
  • high osmolality = draws water out of cells

-reduces cell swelling

-increases extracellular fluid volume

-helps restore blood pressure and circulation

19
Q

what are the physiological effects of hypotonic saline?

A
  • lower osmolarity = water in ECF –> ICF = expanded cells

lead to cellular edema or cerebral edema

20
Q

What two compartments does capillary fluid exchange occur between?

A

Movement between vascular compartments and interstitial compartments

21
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

pushing force exerted by a fluid

22
Q

What is interstitial fluid pressure?

A

force of fluid in interstitial space pushing against the outside of the capillary wall

23
Q

What is colloidal osmotic pressure and why is it created?

A

pulling force created by plasma proteins (because can’t cross membrane)

24
Q

What are the three ways that hormones regulate balance of body water, sodium and potassium?

A

Thirst: detected and stimulated by hypothalamus

Volume and concertation of water in urine

Peripheral resistance- affects BP

25
What are the hormones involve din fluid balance
ADH Angiotensin II Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide
26
What is the thirst mechanism?
Primary regulator of water intake Conscious sensation that need to drink fluids high in water
27
What is the stimuli for the thirst mechanisim?
cellular dehydration decreased blood volume Angiotensin II (back up system for thirst)
28
What inhibits the thirst mechanism?
Moistening of mucosa in mouth and throat Activation of stomach and intestinal stretch receptors
29
What is hypodipsia?
Decreased ability to sense thirst Associated with Lesions in hypothalamus from head trauma and subarachnoid haemorrhage.
30
What is polydipsia?
Excessive thirst normal if with conditions of water deficit.
31
What are the three principle electrolytes in the ECF?
Sodium Chloride Bicarbonate
32
What organ efficiently regulates Na levels?
kidney
33
What is Hyponatremia and what is caused by?
Decreased Na Most common electrolyte disorder Caused by: Loss of body sodium – Increased ECF volume – Diarrhoea – Vomiting – Diuretics – Addison's disease – Dilutional hyponatremia – Excess ADH
34
What is hypernatermia and what is it caused by?
Increased Na levels Caused by: Decrease in ADH (diabetes insipidus) – Decreased water intake – Hyper secretion of aldosterone
35
How much does K have to increased by to cause serious cardiac problems?
as little as 0.3-0.4mEq/L
36
What are the two mechanisms that regulate K levels?
Renal mechanism: conserves or eliminates it Aldosterone: regulates elimination of K by the kidney
37
What is the effect of hyperkalemia?
Muscle dysfunction due to hypopolarisation. Easier to initiate action potentials = cardiac arrythmias = stop contacting in severe cases
37
What disorder electrolyte can result from hypopolarisation?
Hyperkalemia
38
Describe the mechanism in which hypokalaemia alters cardiac function.
Decreased Extracellular K --> hypokalaemia --> hyperpolarisation of cardiac myocytes --> cardiac arrhythmias --> stop contracting
39
What is a edema?
Accumulation of fluid within interstitial spaces (extra fluid in body tissues)
40
What are some of the specific causes of edemas?
Increased hydrostatic pressure Lowered plasma osmotic pressure Increased capillary membrane permeability Lymphatic channel obstruction Increased tissue osmotic pressure
41
What are the two types of edemas?
Pitting and non-pitting
42
What is the cause of pitting edema vs non-pitting edema?
pitting = Excess water in interstitial spaces non pitting = Mucopolysaccharides which hold water

Endo (14 decks)

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