Hypothalamopituitary axis & Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three classes of hormones?

A
  • Amines
  • Steroids
  • Peptides
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2
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

outside: zona glomerulosa
middle: zona fasciculata
inner: zona reticularis

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3
Q

What hormone is secreted by the zona glomuerulosa?

A

aldosterone

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4
Q

What hormones are secreted by the zona fasciculata?

A

cortisol and androgens

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5
Q

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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6
Q

A steroid secreting cell would be dominated by:

A. Granular endoplasmic reticulum

B. Agranular endoplasmic reticulum

A

B. Agranular endoplasmic reticulum (granules are for making proteins; steroids are lipids)

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7
Q

Steroid hormones are all derivatives of ______.

A

cholesterol

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8
Q

What stimulates cholesterol desmolase?

A

ACTH

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9
Q

Steroid hormones have a direct action on a cytosolic or nuclear receptor that controls gene transcription.

T/F

A

True

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10
Q

Cortisol and growth hormone are both released in a pulsatile fashion throughout the day.

T/F

A

True

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11
Q

The lowest secretory rate for cortisol occurs:

A. Late morning

B. Afternoon

C. Late evening/early morning

A

C. Late evening/early morning

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT an action of the glucocorticoids?

A. Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

B. Anti-inflammatory effects

C. Suppression of immune system

D. Stimulus for bone formation

E. Maintain vascular responsiveness to catecholamines

A

D. Stimulus for bone formation

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13
Q

Biosynthesis of the mineralocorticoid, aldosterone depends, in part, on secretion of ACTH.

T/F

A

True

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14
Q

What is the difference between Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease?

A
  • Primary adrenal tumor -> excess cortisol = Cushing’s syndrome (↓ACTH)
  • Secondary pituitary tumor -> excess ACTH = Cushing’s disease
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15
Q

What is released from the SON?

A

ADH

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16
Q

What is released from the PVN?

A

oxytocin

17
Q

Both the posterior and anterior pituitary have neuronal connection to the hypothalamus through the infundibulum.

T/F

A

FALSE. Hypothalamus only sends neurons down through to the posterior pituitary. Hormonal communication between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary is via an unusual blood vessel connection. The capillaries at the base of the hypothalamus (median eminence) join to form the hypothalamo-pituitary portal vessels.

•These vessels pass down the infundibulum to the anterior pituitary where they drain into a second capillary bed.

18
Q

Is there any cell that is NOT responsive to cortisol?

A

No.

19
Q

What stimulates the release of growth hormone?

A

GHRH from hypothalamus

20
Q

What effect does growth hormone have?

A

Liver: secrete IGF-1

Many cells: protein synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

21
Q

What inhibits the release of growth hormone?

A

somatostatin

22
Q

Growth hormone directly stimulates growth.

T/F

A

False. Growth is mediated through mitogens (like somatomedin, IGF-1, secreted by liver)

Mitogen = chemical stimulating cell division

23
Q

Anti-insulin hormones (Glucose counter-regulatory hormones):

A

“Gang of Five”

  1. Glucagon
  2. Cortisol
  3. Epinephrine
  4. Thyroid hormones
  5. Growth hormone
24
Q

Prediction: Obesity will retard growth.

T/F? Why or why not?

A

True. Decreases GH secretion

25
Q

What is the target of IGF-1 (somatomedin) in bone?

A

chondrocytes and osteocytes

26
Q

Prepubescent excess of GH hormone results in what condition?

A

gigantism

27
Q

Postpubescent excess of GH hormone results in what condition?

A

acromegaly

28
Q

Lack of GH results in what condition?

A

pituitary dwarfism