Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phys 3…Ash, Heather, Alyssa > Camtasias > Flashcards

Camtasias Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major pathways that PTH uses to increase plasma [Ca2+]?

A

Bone

Kidney

Intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the major hormone that regulates plasma calcium concentration ( [Ca2+] )?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the cells called that are sensitive to plasma [Ca2+]?

A

Follicular Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F: When plasma [Ca2+] levels drop, PTH causes no bone formation to occur.

A

False! Initially, PTH interacts with the osteoblasts to cause bone formation. Cytokines are then released, stimulating osteoclasts –> net bone resorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The reabsorption of these two elements are affected by PTH in the kidneys.

A

Calcium and Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When the plasma [Ca2+] is lowered, phosphate reabsorption in the kidney is (increased/decreased).

A

Decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is found in the urine when plasma [Ca2+] is lowered?

A

Phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the origin of the enzyme that actives Vitamin D in our food?

A

The kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is activated Vitamin D called?

A

1,25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1,25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol has an influence on the epithelial cells located here.

A

The intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The intestinal epithelial cells increase the production of this.

A

Calbindin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of calbindin?

A

It increases gastrointestinal absorption of calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The major precursor of the major hormones created by the adrenal.

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The rate-limiting step in the formation of adrenal hormones is ______.

A

the activation of cholesterol desmolase by ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the case of the the glucocorticoids and the androgens, only one enzyme needs to be activated. It is this:

A

cholesterol desmolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cells that lack 21-beta-hydroxylase can only make this.

A

Androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid made in the adrenal glands?

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid that is made in the adrenal glands?

A

Cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cells that lack 17-hydroxypregnenolone will only be forming this:

A

Mineralocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cells lacking the 12,20 lyase shunt production to these two steroid groups.

A

mineralocorticoids and gluccocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are fats water soluble?

A

NO WAY JOSE! Lipid soluble baby!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Since fats are not water soluble, they are broken down into smaller fats by the process of?

A

EMULSIFICATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The digestion of fats is done exclusively by what enzyme?

A

Pancreatic Lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Emulsification of fat is done by which two products: ___ AND ____

A

Pancreatic lipase and Bile acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who releases Pepsinogen?

A

Parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens to the monoglycerides and triglycerides right after they get into the epithelial cells?

A

They are reassembled into CHYLOMICRON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the components of a chylomicron?

A

Fat soluble vitamins

Cholesterol

TG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does the chylomicron leave the cell? And where do they go?

A

They are EXOCYTOSED and most go into the LYMPHATICS (some can go to the LIVER via portal vein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The proteins that enter the stomach are mechanically broken down by ____ and by what acid?

A

mechanically broken down by stomach contractions and HCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The first enzyme of protein digestion is

A

Pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who releases Pepsinogen?

A

Parietal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T/F: Since FSH and LH are both released by the anterior pituitary, their feedback regulation is the same.

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T/F: Both FSH and LH are produced by the same cells.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is GnRH released?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

LH stimulates the release of ___ from the ____ cells in the testes.

A

testosterone; Leydig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does testosterone get from the Leydig Cells to the Sertoli Cells?

A

It diffuses across the blood-testes barrier.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do the sertoli cells do if they are in a testosterone-rich environment?

A

Stimulate spermatogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do the sertoli cells keep testosterone around them?

A

They secrete an antigen-binding protein that keeps the testosterone local

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

T/F: Leydig cells provide the nutrients for the development of sperm.

A

False. The sertoli cells do this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do the Sertoli cells secrete in order to provide negative feedback to stop the release of FSH?

A

Inhibin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What two hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

LH and FSH

42
Q

What triggers reduction in the release of LH?

A

Testosterone in the systemic circulation feeds back to both the hypothalamus (reducing release of both LH and FSH) and the anterior pituitary (reducing LH release).

43
Q

Once the peptides (of various lengths) make their way to the duodenum, what is released from the pancreas?

A

A bunch of enzymes in the ZYMOGEN form Chymotrypsinogen Trypsinogen Procarboxypeptidase

44
Q

In order for the ZYMOGENS released by the pancreas to be turned into their active form, they need to interact with enzymes from_____?

A

The brush border

45
Q

The brush border enzyme converts Trypsinogen (from pancreas) –>

A

TRYPSIN

46
Q

T/F: The activation of Trypsin signals for activation of the other pancreatic zymogens?

A

TRUE!!!

47
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

It breakdown the peptide chains into individual amino acids or into di/tri-peptides

48
Q

How does individual amino acids get into epithelial cell?

A

CO-TRANSPORTER

49
Q

Who is the co-transporter that helps amino acids cross the brush border of the epithelial cell?

A

SODIUM

50
Q

How do amino acids enter the interstitium?

A

Facilitated transporter

51
Q

Once an amino acid is in the interstitial, what are its two routes?

A

1) Portal Vein (to liver)
2) Lymphatics (to thoracic duct and thence to venous system)

52
Q

Di and Tri-peptides are moved into the epithelial cell by:

A

H+/(Peptide) CO-transporter

53
Q

How many sites of enzyme release for the breakdown of protein?

A

2 sites!

Stomach – pepsin

Pancreas – trypsin

54
Q

How many sites on enzyme release are there for the digestion of fats?

A

ONE! at the level of the pancreas (pancreatic lipase)

55
Q

T/F: Enteric nervous system is essentially an intrinsic nervous system of the GI tract

A

TRUE

56
Q

What are the two collections of nerves in the enteric nervous system?

A

MYENTERIC plexi and SUBMUCOSAL plexi

57
Q

Does the myenteric and submucosal plexus communicate with each other?

A

Yes!

58
Q

Low insulin causes acetyl CoA to become _____ in the liver

A

ketones

59
Q

What are the two MAJOR muscle layers associated with the Enteric Nervous System?

A

Longitudinal and Circular

60
Q

Enteric Nervous System: The small mucosal layer is associated with?

A

the depth of rugae of the absorptive surface

61
Q

What plexus sits in between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the Enteric Nervous System?

A

MYENTERIC

62
Q

Enteric Nervous System: What is the importance of the major muscle layers (longitudinal and circular)?

A

They are both involved in movement of structures through the lumen

63
Q

Enteric Nervous System: The parasympathetic innervation is in what fiber form PREganglionic or POSTganglionic?

A

PRE

64
Q

Since the parasympathetic is in the form of preganglionic fibers, what neurotransmitter is released? and onto what receptors?

A

Ach onto Nicotinic receptors

65
Q

Enteric Nervous System: The sympathetic innervation is in what fiber form PREganglionic or POSTganglionic?

A

mainly POST

66
Q

Since the sympathetic is in the form of postganglionic fibers, what neurotransmitter is released? and onto what receptors?

A

NE on adrenergic receptors (A1, A2, B1, B2)

67
Q

T/F: The sensory neurons of the gut epithelium help balance out the level of activity done by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic by relaying messages to the myenteric + submucosal plexus as well as brain?

A

True

68
Q

What are the two end-products of amino acid metabolism in liver cells?

A

The amine group is removed and it is metabolized into alpha-ketoacids. This becomes:

1) Further metabolized into H2O + CO2 + Energy or
2) a building block for the production of triglycerides.

69
Q

What loop is formed by sensory neuron afferents that are sent all the way to the brain to control the outputs of parasympathetic and sympathetic?

A

LONG loop

70
Q

These are the three major energy sources in the blood that are transported into cells in the presence of insulin.

A

Glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides.

71
Q

In the muscle cells, insulin stimulates the exocytosis and proliferation of these two transporters:

A

GLUT-4 and Amino acid/Sodium (AA/Na+) cotransporters

72
Q

The presence of insulin leads to a (greater/lower) amount of glucose entering the cell.

A

Greater

73
Q

In the presence of insulin, glucose is stored as _____ in the muscle cells, and amino acids are stored as _____.

A

glycogen; protein

74
Q

What is/are the transporter(s) upregulated by the presence of insulin in the adipocytes?

A

GLUT-4 (this is the ONLY receptor affected in the adipocytes)

75
Q

Uptake of glucose in the adipocytes stimulates _______.

A

Fatty acids

76
Q

Fatty acids + alpha-glycerol-phosphate = __________

A

Triglycerides

77
Q

These are the major form of energy in the adipocytes

A

triglycerides

78
Q

What is the major transporter for glucose in the liver cells?

A

GLUT-2

79
Q

T/F: GLUT-2 transporters are always present in the liver cells.

A

TRUE

80
Q

In liver cells, insulin creates the environment for synthesis of ______ from _____

A

glycogen; glucose

81
Q

With high insulin, Glucose in the liver cells is converted into acetyl CoA, then ______, which are re-synthesized into _______

A

amino acids; triglycerides

82
Q

Since triglycerides don’t stay in the liver cells, how do they leave?

A

They are attached to VLDLs and transported to adipocytes for storage

83
Q

With a lack of insulin, what happens in the muscle cells?

A

Glycogen is broken down into glucose and proteins broken down into amino acids. The glucose is broken down further into pyruvate and lactic acid before being released into the blood stream.

84
Q

A lack of insulin causes what to happen to triglycerides in the adipocytes?

A

They are broken down into amino acids and glycerol, and they are released into the blood as energy.

85
Q

Low insulin causes acetyl CoA to become _____ in the liver

A

ketones

86
Q

Absorption of glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides is initially here.

A

GI epithelium

87
Q

Along with alpha-glycerol phosphate and fatty acids, in the liver glucose can be converted to these.

A

triglycerides

88
Q

Triglycerides are transported to adipocytes by

A

VLDL

89
Q

With the help of this enzyme, triglycerides get into the adipocytes.

A

lipoprotein lipase

90
Q

Lipoprotein lipase is secreted by these

A

Endothelial cells of adipocytes

91
Q

What does lipoprotein lipase do?

A

Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

92
Q

T/F: Monoglycerides are stored in the adipocytes along with fatty acids.

A

False. Monoglycerides don’t go into the adipocytes, but instead recirculate back to the liver to help form triglycerides.

93
Q

Since triglycerides are not soluble in plasma, how do they get into adipose tissue?

A

They are exocytosed from the GI endothelial cells and transported to the adipose cells in the form of chylomicrons in the plasma

94
Q

How do amino acids get into the liver and muscle cells?

A

Via an amino acid/sodium co-transporter

95
Q

What are the two end-products of amino acid metabolism in liver cells?

A

The amine group is removed and it is metabolized into alpha-ketoacids. This becomes:

1) Further metabolized into H2O + CO2 + Energy or
2) a building block for the production of triglycerides.

96
Q

The main goal in the post-absorptive state

A

to maintain blood glucose levels by mobilizing energy stores

97
Q

In the liver, glycogen is broken down into

A

glucose

98
Q

In the muscle, glycogen is metabolized into these before being transferred to the liver to be used in gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate and lactate

99
Q

This is a process to create glucose, unique to the liver and kidneys.

A

Gluconeogenesis

100
Q

In the adipocytes, triglycerides are broken down into ________ to create energy when blood glucose drops.

A

glycerol and fatty acids.

101
Q

Fatty acids can break down into this, the “fail-safe” back-up energy source for the nervous system in times of low blood glucose.

A

Ketones

102
Q

Amino acids are metabolized into these, used in gluconeogenesis

A

alpha-ketoacids

Phys 3…Ash, Heather, Alyssa (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions