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PY6020 > Hypothalamic Pituitary Hormones I > Flashcards

Hypothalamic Pituitary Hormones I Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of processes which the endocrine system aids in?

A
  1. Homeostatic control
  2. Metabolism
  3. Birth/lactation
  4. Sexual maturity
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2
Q

What are some examples of organs/glands which are involved in the endocrine system?

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Ovaries/testes
  3. Kidneys - adrenal cortex
  4. Thyroid glands
  5. Pituitary glands
  6. Parathyroid glands
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3
Q

What is the definition of a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger produced by cells and carried via the blood towards a detected target

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4
Q

What is the difference between a distal, and a local hormone?

A

Distal: a hormone travelling in the blood to a target cell, e.g. histamines, insulin

Local: nerve cells releasing neurotransmitters, e.g. AcH

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5
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

A cell which secretes a hormone affecting nearby cells, e.g. cytokines

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6
Q

What are the 2 classes in which hormones can fall in?

A
  1. Steroidal type hormones
    - Derived from cholesterol by adrenal cortices, or testes/ovaries
    - E.G. cortisol, estradiol
  2. Peptides/proteins
    - Exist as modified amino acids, short chains or peptides
    - E.G. adrenaline, insulin, oxytocin, ADH
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7
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A

E.G. cortisol

  1. The hormone passively diffuses through a membrane and binds to its receptor (which is associated with heat shock protein, HSP)
  2. When bound, the complex translocates into the nucleus and affect gene transcription.
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8
Q

How do peptide hormones work?

A
  1. The hormone binds to its receptor and activates a 2nd messenger pathway
  2. This phosphorylates PKA & alters enzyme activity
  3. Gene transcription can either increase/decrease
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9
Q

Which hormone do all steroid hormones originate from?

A

Cortisol.

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10
Q

What hormones does the gonad tissue produce?

A
  1. Oestrogen
  2. Progesterone
  3. Testosterone
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11
Q

How is LDL (from dietary cholesterol or metabolising acetyl CoA) transported & broken down by the body?

A

LDL is carried in the blood & taken up by cells via endocytosis & clathrin.

It is then broken down by lysosomes into fatty acids/cholesterol/amino acids.

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12
Q

What is the precursor for all steroidal hormones?

A

Pregnenolone –> can produce e.g. cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, aldosterone.

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13
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

A

Oxytocin is released during labour, to stimulate more of its release.
This is then stopped after birth.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the HPA axis (hypothalamus pituitary axis)?

A
  1. It links the endocrine/nervous system together.

2. Regulates temperature, osmolarity of blood, feeding, and stress response.

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15
Q

What can hypo and hyperactivity of the pituitary gland cause?

A

Hypoactivity: hormone deficiency

Hyperactivity: excess hormones from inappropriate cell growth/division. This can form tumours.

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16
Q

What are the 5 cell types in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
HINT: they all end in -troph.

A
  1. Somatotrophs - secreting growth hormone
  2. Lactotrophs - secreting prolactin
  3. Thyrotrophs - secreting TSH
  4. Corticotrophs - secreting ACTH for the adrenal cortex
  5. Gonadotrophs - secreting FSH/LH
17
Q

What type of feedback loop controls the release of hormones from the HPA axis?

A

Negative feedback loop.

18
Q

What is the process in the thyroid gland axis?

A

Hypothalamus stimulates TRH –> this stimulates TSH release from anterior pituitary glands –>TSH stimulates thyroid glands to increase cAMP levels –> iodide uptake by the thyroid glands increases –> this increases the release of thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4), and T3

19
Q

What is the process in the adrenal gland axis?

A

Hypothalamus releases CRF which stimulates corticotrophs –> this induces ACTH production by the anterior pituitary glands –> ACTH binds to adrenal glands in the kidneys & generates cAMP –> this releases cortisol, to induce metabolic effects

20
Q

What is function of cortisol, aldosterone, and DHEA?

A

Cortisol: regulates metabolism/adaptation to stress
Aldosterone: maintains Na+ and blood volume
DHEA: has growth promoting properties in skeletal tissue

PY6020 (22 decks)

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