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PY6020 > Common Complications in Pregnancy > Flashcards

Common Complications in Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are some minor symptoms of pregnancy?

A
  1. Nausea/vomiting
  2. Constipation
  3. Back pains
  4. Breast tenderness
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2
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

When the embryo implants itself in the uterine tube, outside the uterus.

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3
Q

What is hyperemesis gravidarium?

A

Excessive nausea & vomiting

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4
Q

What are some common complications in the second & third trimester of pregnancy?

A
  1. UTI
  2. Anaemia
  3. Pre-eclampsia
  4. Gestational diabetes
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5
Q

What is intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)?

A

It is when the baby fails to reach its growth potential during its current stage in the pregnancy

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6
Q

What is macrosomia?

A

A baby born with excessive weight

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7
Q

Why are women prone to UTIs during pregnancy?

A

Because the mass in their pelvis presses on their bladder/uterus, which blocks the urinary tract tubing leading to increased risk of infections.

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8
Q

Why is anaemia common in pregnant women?

A

Because the conc. of haemoglobin in pregnant women falls due to the baby being present, so their plasma vol. increases and dilutes the blood even more, causing anaemia.

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9
Q

At what point in pregnancy is the blood fully diluted, and should be when anaemia is tested?

A

At 28 weeks.

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10
Q

How is anaemia in pregnancy treated?

A
  1. Investigate the cause first as it could be from: low serum ferritin/B12/folate.
  2. Ferrous sulphate if already anaemic before pregnancy
  3. Blood transfusion if <7 or symptomatic
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11
Q

How can you distinguish between pre-existing and gestational diabetes?

A

If the woman has been tested for diabetes <20 weeks after conception, then she has pre-existing diabetes.
If she is tested for diabetes >20 weeks after conception, then this is gestational.

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12
Q

How is gestational diabetes caused in pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy can initiate cortisol/glucagon/other hormones in the placenta, which induces insulin resistance.

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13
Q

Which women are more susceptible to gestational diabetes?

A
  1. Obese
  2. Previous baby >4.5kg
  3. Previous gestational diabetes
  4. PCOS
  5. Family history of diabetes
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14
Q

Why is gestational diabetes screened after 20 weeks?

A

Because screening too early can result in missing the diagnosis.

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15
Q

How can hyperglycaemia in pregnant women cause birth defects?

A

If the mum is hyperglycaemic, glucose can quickly cross the placenta towards the baby, also making them hyperglycaemic & eventually causing defects.

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16
Q

Why can a baby potentially be born hypoglycaemic if the mum was hyperglycaemic?

A

Because when the baby is born and the umbilical cord is cut, the baby is not receiving sugars from the mum anymore, which can cause hypoglycaemia.

17
Q

What can macrosomia (overweight babies) cause for the woman?

A
  1. Prolonged labour
  2. Pre-eclampsia
  3. Operative delivery (caesarian)
18
Q

How can gestational diabetes be managed?

A
  1. Counselling pre-pregnancy if they are already diabetic
  2. Achieve normal blood sugar levels
  3. Diet
  4. Metformin
  5. Insulin
19
Q

What is pre-eclampsia (PET)?

A

It is a very high BP during pregnancy on 2 separate occasions + proteins present in the urine.

20
Q

What differentiates if the woman already has high BP, or pre-eclampsia?

A

If they are tested for high BP <20 weeks after conception = then it is pre-existing
If they are tested for high BP >20 weeks after conception = pre-eclampsia

21
Q

What 2 drugs are used to treat pre-eclampsia?

A

Nifedipine and labetalol

22
Q

What test is given to test for proteins in the urine?

A

Urine dip-stick

23
Q

When does oedema in pregnant women become a concern?

A

When oedema occurs in unusual sites (besides the feet/legs)

24
Q

What happens to blood pressure in a normal pregnancy?

A

BP decreases in normal pregnancy due to a drop in peripheral resistance to accomodate for the extra cardiac output.

High volume blood + low pressure = normal physiology in pregnancy

25
Q

At what point in pregnancy does BP start to normalise?

A

During the 3rd trimester.

26
Q

What happens to blood vessels during pregnancy?

A

They become sticky, leaky & tight (due to abnormal epithelial lining)

27
Q

What can reduced placental perfusion in pregnancy cause for the baby?

A

Fetal death or defects, e.g.:

  1. Reduced renal fetal perfusion
  2. Reduced urine fetal perfusion
  3. Rapid weight loss of baby
  4. Reduced fetal nutrition

PY6020 (22 decks)

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