Hyponatremia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the safe limit for rising sodium in hyponatremia

A

8-10mmol/L in 24 hours

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2
Q

Definition of hyponatremai

A

<135 mmol/L Na

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3
Q

What conditions is hyponatremia ass with

A

Heart disease
Liver cirrhosis
Neurological disorders

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4
Q

Grading of hyponatremia levels

A
  • Mild - 130-135
  • Moderate - 125-129
  • Profound <125
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5
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia

A

Asymtpomatic
Headache
N+V
Muscle cramps
Lethargy

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6
Q

Signs of hyponatremia

A

Disorientation
- Seizures
- Coma
- Cerebral oedema
- Death

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7
Q

What base management of hypoNa off

A

Clinical presentation AND levels

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8
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

Reduced renal free water clearance
Pseudohyponatremia - hypertriglyceridaemia
Sodium depletion
Excess water intake
SIADH

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9
Q

Reduced clearance free water -> hyponatremia causes

A
  • Hypovolaemia
    • Drugs
    • Renal failure
    • Portal hypotension and ascites
    • Hypoabuminaemia
    • Sespsis and vascular leak
    • Central salt wasting
    • Fluid sequestration
  • Cardiac failure
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Hypothyroidism
  • SIADH, nephrogenic SIADH
  • Hypoadrenalism
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10
Q

Sodium depletion causes

A
  • Renal loss
    • Diuretics
    • Salt wasting/ central SW
    • Nephropathy
    • Hypoaldrenalism
  • Extra renal loss - Gut los
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11
Q

Excess water intake -> hyponatremia causes

A
  • Dipsogenic DI
  • Sodium free hypo-osmolality IV solutuons
  • Dilute infant feeding formulas
  • IV therapy
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12
Q

Essentuak criteria for SIADH

A

Hyponatremia
Clinical euvolaemia
Serum osmolality <275 Osm/kg
Urine osmol >100mOsm/kg
Urina Na .30mmol/L
RULE OUT - see card

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13
Q

What need to rule out in diagnosing SIADH

A

No recent diuretic
Absence of:
Hyotension, hypovolaemia
Non osmotic AVP release
Oedema
Adrenal, thyroid and renal insufficiency

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14
Q

Why is SIADH diangosis of exclusion

A

Because management is fluid restricition which is opposite treatment to most other causes of hyponatremia

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15
Q

Drugs that cause SIADH

A
  • SSRI
  • Carbamazepine
  • Phenothiazines
  • TCAs
  • Cyclophophamide
  • Opiates
  • Vincristine
  • NSAIDs
  • Clofibrate
  • PPIs
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16
Q

CNS causes of SIADH

A

Inflammatory
Tumour
Infection

17
Q

SIADH causes - chest

A

Infection
Structural
Inflammatory eg sarcoidosis
Small lung cell carcinoma

18
Q

Bedisde investigations for SIADH

A

Urine investigations - sodium and osmolality
Plasma
Osmolality
LFTs, bone panel
TFTs
9am cortisol

19
Q

Radiology for SIADH

A
  • CXR
  • Consider CT chest, abdo , pelvis if SIADH confirmed and no cause identified
20
Q

What can cause non hypotonc hyponatremia

A

Hyperglycaemia

21
Q

Causes of urine osmolality ,100mOsmol/kg

A
  • Primary polydipsia
  • Inappropriate IV fluids
  • Low solute intake eg
    • beer potamania syndrome - high volumes of beer (low solute) → hyponatremia
22
Q

Causes of hyponatremia where serum .100mOsmol/kg but urine <30mmol/L

A
  • Low effective atrial volume HF
  • Cirrhosis/portal HPTN
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Hypoalbuminaemia
  • Third space loss
  • GI loss
  • Prev diuretic use
23
Q

Causes of hyponatremia where serum .100mOsmol/kg but urine >30mmol/L

A

Diuretics or ACE

24
Q

Mangement hyponatremia

A

Exclude hyperglycaemia
Treat w hypertonic saline if any severe symptoms over 20 mins Otherwise stop non essential pareneteral fluids + meds ass w hyponatremia + treat underlying cause
If clinically well dont try and correct sodium levels

25
Severe symptoms of hyponatremia
Coma, seizure
26
What happens in overrapid collection of hyponatremia?
Osmotic demyelination sydnomre
27
What does osmotic demyelination syndrome cause
Quadriplegia Opthalmoplegia Psuedobulbar pasly Coma Death
28