Hypertensive Retinopathy Flashcards
Hypertensive Blood pressure:
140/90 mmhg or Higher
The most important behavioral determinants of blood pressure are related to dietary consumption of ______
calories & Salt
Pre-hypertensive BP:
Systolic = 120 -139
Diastolic = 80-89
Stage 1 Hypertension BP:
Systolic = 140 - 159
Diastolic = 90 - 99
Stage 2 Hypertension BP:
Systolic = 160
Diastolic = 100
Isolated Systolic HP BP:
Systolic = 140
Diastolic = less than 90
Fundus picture of hypertensive retinopathy is characterized by :
Vasoconstriction
Leakage
Arteriosclerosis
Characterized by generalized & focal arteriolar narrowing
Vasoconstriction
- Caused by abnormal vascular permeability
Leakage
Vascular Leakage leads to:
Flame-shaped Hemorrhages
Hard Exudates
Retinal Edema
Swelling of Optic Nerve Head
hallmark of malignant phase of hypertension
Swelling of Optic Nerve Head
- Causes thickening of the vessel wall
- Marked changes at AV crossing
Arteriosclerosis
Grade 1 of Hypertensive Retinopathy:
subtle broadening of the arteriolar light reflex.
mild generalized arteriolar attenuation. particularly of small branches,
vein concealment.
Grade 2 of Hypertensive Retinopathy:
obvious broadening of the arteriolar light reflex
deflection of veins at arteriovenous crossings (Salus sign).
Grade 3 of Hypertensive Retinopathy:
· Copper-wiring of arterioles.
· Banking of veins distal to arteriovenous crossings (Bonnet sign).
· Tapering of veins on both sides of the crossings (Gunn sign)
right-angled deflection of veins.
Flame-shaped hemorrhages
Cotton wool spots
Hard exudates
Grade 3 Hypertensive retinopathy
Grade 4 Hypertensive Retinopathy:
all Grade 3 changes with:
SILVER WIRING of arterioles
disc swelling
deflection of veins at arteriovenous crossings
Salus sign
Banking of veins distal to arteriovenous crossings
Bonnet Sign
Tapering of veins on both sides of the crossings
Gunn Signs
Ocular associations of Hypertension:
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinal artery aneurysm
Anterior Ischemic optic neuropathy
Oculomotor nerve palsies
