Hypertension and Heart Failure Flashcards
how is blood pressure normally regulated
RAAS, autonomic NS, bradykinin, nitric oxide and natriuretic peptides
what is primary hypertension
where there is no single cause for the high bp
what is secondary hypertension
where there is a high bp due to an underlying cause
give some causes of secondary hypertension
Conn’s syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism, renal artery stenosis
what non-pharmacological treatment is there for hypertension
reduced salt intake, exercise, diet, stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake
what pharmacological treatment is there for hypertension
A - ACE inhibitor or ARB
C- calcium channel blocker
D - thiazide diuretic
when would you give a calcium channel blocker first for hypertension treatment
if the patient is over 55 or black
what calcium channel blockers would you not give to treat hypertension if the patient also has heart failure
verapamil and dilitazem
which calcium channel blocker would you give to treat hypertension if the patient also has heart failure
amlodipine
how do ACE inhibitors help hypertension
reduction in aldosterone, less vasoconstriction and less water and salt retention
what does aldosterone do
inserts more ENaC and increases the speed of Na/K/ATPase
what are the side effects of ACE-I
dry cough, angio-oedema, renal failure, hypotension and hyperkalaemia
why do you get a dry cough when using ACE-I
due to the build up of bradykinin
give an example of an ACE-I
ramipril
how do angiotensin receptor blockers work
by blocking the angiotensin 2 receptor they prevent the effects of RAAS including vasoconstriction and salt/water retention
