Hypertension

Question 1

large arteries aka?

Answer 1

elastic arteries

Question 2

medium sized arteries aka?

Answer 2

muscular arteries

Question 3

branches of aorta?

Answer 3

medium-sized, muscular arteries

Question 4

small arteries found in?

Answer 4

within tissues and organs

Question 5

Atherosclerosis affects?

Answer 5

medium-sized and large arteries

Question 6

Hypertension affects?

Answer 6

small arteries and arterioles

Question 7

capillaries walls qualities?

Answer 7

1. lined by endothelial cells
2. supported by a thin basement membrane
3. media is absent

Question 8

Veins predisposed to?

Answer 8

compression, dilatation, and invasion by tumors and inflammation

Question 9

primary htn prevalence?

Answer 9

90-95%

Question 10

primary htn causes?

Answer 10

idiopathic

Question 11

secondary htn prevalence?

Answer 11

5-10%

Question 12

primary htn risk factors?

Answer 12

age, 
ethnicity, 
smoking, 
obesity,
positive family history, 
stress,
diabetes

Question 13

secondary htn causes?

Answer 13

renal parenchymal disease, renovascular disease, 
Conn syndrome,
Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma, 
OSA, 
drug reactions

Question 14

Drug reactions which cause seconndary htn?

Answer 14

NSAIDS,
steroids,
oral contraceptives

Question 15

primary HTN vascular fx?

Answer 15

1. Homogenous pink Hyaline thickening of vessels

2. Luminal narrowing

Question 16

primary HTN associated with?

Answer 16

increased cardiac output and increased total peripheral resistance

Question 17

HTN clinical signs?

Answer 17

1. Usually asymptomatic
2. headaches
3. palpitations

Question 18

HTN complications?

Answer 18

CAD, 
MI, 
CVA, 
CHF, 
peripheral vascular disease, aortic dissection,
retinopathy, 
renal failure

Question 19

1st step of HTN treatment?

Answer 19

1. Primary: Reduce blood pressure with lifestyle changes and antihypertensive therapy
2. Secondary: treat underlying causes of secondary hypertension

Question 20

HTN treatment: Lifestyle changes?

Answer 20

Weight loss, exercise, reduce salt intake, smoking cessation, and moderate alcohol intake

Question 21

HTN treatment: Pharmacologic agents?

Answer 21

ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, β-blockers, thiazide diuretics, α-blockers

Question 22

Hypertensive renal disease can present with?

Answer 22

nephritic syndrome

Question 23

Hypertensive renal disease associated with?

Answer 23

overstimulation

of the renin-angiotensin system

Question 24

Malignant Hypertension etiology?

Answer 24

Results from an accelerated course of essential or secondary hypertension

Question 25

Malignant Hypertension vascular fx?

Answer 25

1. Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis 2. (concentric, laminated onionskin thickening of arterial walls 3. accompanied by necrotizing arteriolitis 4. necrosis and inflammation of arterial wall with fibrinoid deposition

Question 26

Malignant Hypertension complications?

Answer 26

LV hypertrophy and failure malignant nephrosclerosis (ruptured glomerular capillaries causing flea-bitten kidney) papilledema retinal hemorrhages

Question 27

Malignant Hypertension clinical signs?

Answer 27

``` headache, altered mental status, blurred vision, dyspnea, displaced forceful cardiac apex beat, presence of S4 ```

Question 28

Malignant Hypertension clinical determinant?

Answer 28

rapidly rising BP of >200/120 mmHg

Question 29

Malignant Hypertension Prognosis?

Answer 29

Often can result in an early death

Question 30

Malignant Hypertension Treatment?

Answer 30

Initial lowering of blood pressure with IV agents (Nipride, hydralazine, labetalol) followed by strict blood pressure control with oral agents

Question 31

Hyaline arteriosclerosis associated with?

Answer 31

essential HTN or diabetes

Question 32

Hyaline arteriosclerosis seen in?

Answer 32

benign nephrosclerosis