HYPERTENSION Flashcards
what is considered normal bp>
between 90/60 and 120/80
what is considered stage 1 hypertension?
140/90 or higher
what is considered stage 2 hypertension?
160/100mmHg or higher
what is considered severe hypertension?
systolic >180mmHg or diastolic >1120mmHg
what are the 2 types of hypertension and which is most common?
primary (90%) and secondary (10%)
outline the difference between early and chronic hypertension?
in early hypertension we see increased blood volume and CO due to Na+ retention
in chronic hypertension the blood volume and CO are normal due to increased systemic vascular resistance caused by thickening of vessel walls and reduced lumen diameters
what is secondary hypertension?
raised bp with an identifiable undelrying cause
what are potential causes of secondary hypertension?
renal artery stenosis chronic renal disease primary hyperaldosteronism pheochromocytoma coarctation of the aorta pregnancy cushings disease thyroud disease alcohol
outline how renal artery stenosis can lead to secondary hypertension?
decreased pressure in afferent arteriole to the kidney so the kidney assumes bp is low and this causes release of renin. renin increases bp through angiotensin 2 and aldosterone increases.
what are exaples of 2 conditions that can damage the kidney?
diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis
how does chronic renal disease cause secondary hypertension?
damage to the kidney decreases excretion of Na+ so we great retention leading to increased blood volume and CO
we also get renin release in an attempt to increase kidney perfusion and restore GFR
what is Conn’s syndrome?
primary hyperaldosteronism
how does Conn’s syndrome lead to secondary hypertension?
aldosterone acts in the DCT at the Na+/K+ exchanger so we get retaining Na+ and H2O and therefore an incrwase in bp
what is pheochromocytoma?
a rare adrenal medullary tumour that secretes catecholamines
how does pheochromocytoma cause secondary hypertension?
it secretes catecholamines which raise bp and cause tachycardia
