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Hydrocarbons + Carboxylic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What are most hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes

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2
Q

What is the structure of alkanes?

A

Carbon atoms bond to four atoms (hydrogen or carbon)

Saturated

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3
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

All bonds with other atoms are single bonds

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4
Q

What are alkane uses and why?

A

Fuels (low reactivity but combust well)

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5
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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6
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of compounds with the same general formula

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7
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

What makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Their C=C functional group

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9
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

They contain a double bond between two of their carbon atoms (C=C)

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10
Q

How many more hydrogen atoms does an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms have compared to an alkene?

A

2

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11
Q

What is the formula of pentene?

A

C5H10

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12
Q

What is produced from an alkene and hydrogen?

A

An alkane

nickel catalyst present

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13
Q

What is adding hydrogen to an alkene called?

A

Hydrogenation

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14
Q

What is produced from an alkene and oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide + carbon (soot) + water
or
Carbon dioxide + water

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15
Q

Is the combustion of alkenes and oxygen complete or incomplete?

A

Incomplete so they burn with smoky flames

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16
Q

What is produced from an alkene and a halogen?

A

A colourless solution

shaken with bromine water

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17
Q

How can alkenes and alkanes be distinguished?

A

Shaken with bromine water, alkenes turn colourless from orange-brown

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18
Q

What is produced from an alkene and water (steam)?

A

Alcohols

phosphoric acid catalyst

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19
Q

What are properties of carbon monoxide?

A

Colourless
Toxic
Odourless

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20
Q

What is created when alkanes are burned with a lack of oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide

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21
Q

What does the combustion of hydrocarbons when there is good air supply involve?

A

Energy release

Oxidation of carbon and hydrogen creates carbon dioxide and water

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22
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

Hydroxyl (-OH)

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23
Q

What can alcohols be dehydrated to form?

A

Alkenes

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24
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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25
Q

What is the formula for butanol?

26
Q

What are the alkanes in order?

A 
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
27
Q

What do alcohols release when combusting?

28
Q

How do we measure the temperature change of combusting alcohols?

A

1) Measure mass of alcohol and burner before and after combustion of fuel
2) Measure temperature of water before and after to find temperature change
3) Divide temperature change by mass of fuel used to find mass needed to heat water up by 1 degree

29
Q

What must be considered when measuring the temperature change of combusting alcohols? (3)

A

Heat energy is lost to surroundings so draft insulators minimise heat loss
Heat energy is used to heat the glass instead of the water
Some water can evaporate

30
Q

What do alcohols and air (and heat) produce?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

31
Q

What do alcohols and sodium produce?

32
Q

What do alcohols and water produce?

A

They dissolve to give neutral solutions

33
Q

What do alcohols and oxidising agents produce?

A

Carboxylic acids

34
Q

What happens to carboxylic acids in water?

A

They partially ionise (weak acids)

35
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

A

Carboxyl (-COOH)

36
Q

What is the general formula of carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

37
Q

What is the formula of butanoic acid?

A

CH3CH2CH2COOH

38
Q

How do carboxylic acids react with water?

A

They dissolve to give solutions with an acidic pH

39
Q

What does the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols (and an acid catalyst) produce?

A

An ester and water

40
Q

What is produced from the reaction of carbonates and carboxylic acids?

A

A salt
Carbon dioxide
Water

41
Q

How can alcohols be oxidised? (2)

A

Oxygen in air

Oxidising agent

42
Q

What is the process of fermentation?

A

1) Add yeast to sugar solution
2) Aqueous ethanol solution and carbon dioxide form
3) Fractionally distill ethanol mixture for higher ethanol concentration

43
Q

What are the ideal conditions for fermentation?

A

37 degrees C
Slightly acidic solution
Absence of oxygen (anaerobic)

44
Q

What are polymers?

A

Large, chain-like molecules made from monomers

45
Q

What are polymers held together by?

A

Strong covalent bonds between atoms in molecules

Weak intermolecular forces between molecules

46
Q

What are properties of polymers?

A

Usually solid at room temperature

Melt easily due to weaker intermolecular forces than chemical bonds

47
Q

What are the monomers of addition polymerisation?

A

Alkenes due to their C=C bond opening

48
Q

What are the products of addition polymerisation?

A

Only the polymer

49
Q

What is the naming process of polymers?

A

‘poly’ (monomer)

50
Q

Why are intermolecular forces stronger in polymers than small molecules?

A

Polymers are bigger

51
Q

What is condensation polymerisation?

A

The joining of monomers with 2 functional groups to producer larger polymers and small by-products

52
Q

What is the simplest type of condensation polymerisation?

A

2 monomers with identical functional groups

diol + dicarboxylic acid –> polyester + water

53
Q

Why do polymers cause many wastage problems?

A

They do not biodegrade (break up easily)

54
Q

Why are plastics difficult to recycle?

A

Many different types of plastic need to be sorted

55
Q

What happens when plastic is combusted?

A

Toxic acidic gases are released

56
Q

What are problems with polymers? (4)

A

Landfill sites
Difficulty recycling
Combustion releases harmful chemicals
Expensive

57
Q

What are advantages of synthetic polymers?

A

Recycling reduces crude oil usage
Combustion releases energy
Non-biodegradable so do not rot

58
Q

What are disadvantages of synthetic polymers?

A

Burning releases toxic gases

Sorting and recycling is expensive

59
Q

What are the naturally occurring polymers? (4)

A

Starch
Cellulose
DNA
Proteins

60
Q

What are the monomers of starch and cellulose?

61
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

62
Q

What are the monomers of DNA?

A

4 different nucleotides

GCSE Chemistry (10 decks)

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