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GCSE Chemistry > 8) Fuels & Earth Science > Flashcards

8) Fuels & Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of resource is crude oil?

A

Non-renewable

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2
Q

Where is crude oil found?

A

In rocks

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3
Q

What is crude oil used to produce?

A

Fuels and other important chemicals

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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5
Q

What changes the properties of hydrocarbons?

A

Their differences in size

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6
Q

What are most of the compounds in crude oil?

A

Hydrocarbons

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7
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of?

A

Lots of different compounds that are not chemically combined

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8
Q

What is crude oil made from?

A

Fossilised plankton

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9
Q

What are groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms called?

A

Fractions

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10
Q

What is the process of separating crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar numbers of carbon atoms?

A

Fractional distillation

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11
Q

What are hydrocarbons with lots of carbon atoms called?

A

Long-chain hydrocarbons

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12
Q

What are hydrocarbons with few carbon atoms called?

A

Short-chain hydrocarbons

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13
Q

What are the stages of fractional distillation?

A

Evaporation
Condensation
Collection

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14
Q

What can fractions be used to make?

A

Solvents
Detergents
Lubricants

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15
Q

What is the gases fraction used for?

A

Domestic heating and cooking

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16
Q

What is the petrol fraction used for?

A

Fuel for cars

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17
Q

What is the ketrosene fraction used for?

A

Fuel for aircrafts

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18
Q

What is the diesel oil fraction used for?

A

Fuel for trains and some cars

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19
Q

What is the fuel oil fraction used for?

A

Fuel for large ships and power stations

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20
Q

What is the bitumen fraction used for?

A

Surfacing roads and roofs

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21
Q

What are the crude oil fractions in order?

A 
Gases
Petrol
Kerosene
Diesel oil
Fuel oil
Bitumen
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22
Q

What differs with the size of hydrocarbons?

A

Melting points

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23
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of compounds with the same general formula

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24
Q

How do the physical and chemical properties change in a homologous series:?

A

Similar chemical properties

Changing physical properties

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25
Q

What do the molecular formulas of neighbouring compounds in a homologous series differ by?

A

A CH2 unit

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26
Q

How do the properties of a larger hydrocarbon change?

A

Higher boiling point
Less flammable
Higher viscosity

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27
Q

What is the process that breaks down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain molecules?

A

Cracking

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28
Q

What type of chemical reaction is cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition

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29
Q

What are the two ways of cracking?

A

Catalytic cracking

Steam cracking

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30
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A

Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are passed over the top of a heated alkene

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31
Q

What is produced in cracking?

A

Alkanes and alkenes

e.g. hexane –> butane + ethene

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32
Q

What is steam cracking?

A

Vapourised heavy hydrocarbons are mixed with steam in a high temperature environment

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33
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter more useful molecules

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34
Q

What do the equations for combustion of hydrocarbons depend on?

A

The amount of available oxygen

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35
Q

What does the combustion of hydrocarbons when there is good oxygen supply involve?

A

Energy release

Creation of carbon dioxide and water

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36
Q

What does incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons produce?

A

Carbon monoxide

Soot

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37
Q

Why can soot cause problems?

A

It can build up in appliances such as cars

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38
Q

What is produced when alkanes are burned without enough oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide

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39
Q

What are properties of carbon monoxide?

A

Colourless
Toxic
Odourless

40
Q

What happens when hydrocarbons burn in a confined space?

A

High temperatures cause nitrogen and oxygen to react

41
Q

What does the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen form?

A

Toxic nitrogen oxides

42
Q

What impurity is found in all fossil fuels?

A

Sulfur

43
Q

What happens when sulfur burns?

A

It oxidises

44
Q

What does burning sulfur produce?

A

Toxic gas sulfur dioxide

45
Q

What can happen if sulfur dioxide is inhaled?

A

Respiratory problems

46
Q

What is formed from the reaction of sulfur dioxide and water?

A

Sulfuric acid

47
Q

What is a major component of acid rain?

A

Sulfur dioxide

48
Q

What can be used as an alternative to petrol as fuels in cars?

A

Hydrogen fuel cells

49
Q

What are advantages of using hydrogen over petrol?

A

Only waste product is water
No greenhouse gases emited
More energy per gram

50
Q

What are disadvantages of using hydrogen over petrol?

A

Hydrogen must be stored at a high pressure
Hydrogen gas is explosive
Lack of places to refuel

51
Q

What is the chemical reaction of burning hydrocarbons with a lack of oxygen?

A

2C + O2 –> 2CO

52
Q

How long ago was the Earth formed?

A

4.6 billion years ago

53
Q

What gas dominated the early atmosphere?

A

Carbon dioxide

54
Q

What was littered across Earth’s surface for the first billion years?

A

Volcanoes

55
Q

What did frequent eruptions of volcanoes form?

A 
Release of carbon dioxide 
Nitrogen
Water vapour
Methane
Ammonia
56
Q

Why did the oceans form?

A

Water vapour condensed

57
Q

What did the formation of oceans cause?

A

A significant reduction in atmosphere carbon dioxide levels

58
Q

What was produced by reactions between dissolved carbon dioxide and seawater?

A

Carbonate precipitates

59
Q

What was deposited as sediment?

A

Carbonate precipitates

60
Q

What increased the atmospheric concentration of oxygen?

A

Photosynthesis

61
Q

What does photosynthesis produce?

A

Glucose

Oxygen

62
Q

What was the first photosynthetic organism?

A

Algae

63
Q

When did the first organism begin to photosynthesise?

A

2.7 billion years ago

64
Q

What did a higher oxygen threshold allow to form?

A

Complex life forms such as animals

65
Q

What 3 factors caused atmospheric carbon dioxide to decrease?

A

Marine animals
Oceans
Photosynthesis

66
Q

How did marine life cause atmospheric carbon dioxide to reduce?

A

They removed carbonates from the ocean to build shells and skeletons

67
Q

What is the test for oxygen?

A

Insert a glowing splint into a test tube containing a gas

If gas is oxygen, splint will relight

68
Q

What is the process of the greenhouse effect?

A

1) Sun emits short wavelength infrared radiation
2) Earth absorbs portion of radiation but longer wavelength is reflected back into the atmosphere
3) Greenhouse gases can’t absorb short wavelength radiation but can sbsorb reflected radiation
4) Gases re-radiate this as heat energy and some heads back towards Earth
5) This increases Earth’s surface temnperature

69
Q

What human activites cause the atmospheric concentrations of gases to increase?

A

Burning fossil fuels
Agriculture
Deforestation
Landfill sites

70
Q

How do landfill sites increase greenhouse gases?

A

Mounds of waste decompose

Decomposition releases methane

71
Q

How does agriculture increase greenhouse gases?

A

Farm animals relsease methane during digestion

72
Q

How does deforestation increase greenhouse gases?

A

Global rate of photosynthesis decreases

Less carbon dioxide removed from atmposhere

73
Q

How does burning fossil fuels increase greenhouse gases?

A

Releases carbon as carbon dioxide

This carbon had been stored away for millions of years

74
Q

What are 3 greenhouse gases?

A

Carbon dioxide
Methane
Water vapour

75
Q

Why is it difficult to create accurate climate change models?

A

The global climate system is very complicated

76
Q

How is misinformation spread on climate change?

A

Published in media

Some people have motives to downplay climate change

77
Q

What are sources of misinformation on climate change?

A

Biased opinions

Overly simplistic models

78
Q

What are potential consequences of climate change?

A 
Melting polar ice caps
Meteorological events
Changes in water availability
Changes in precipitation
Food shortages
79
Q

What does melting polar ice caps cause?

A

Rising sea leves
Some species will be less successful hunters
Coastal erosion

80
Q

What could changes in water availability cause?

A

How species are distributed

81
Q

What changes to precipitation could climate change cause?

A

Quantity
Timing
Distribution

82
Q

How much of the Earth’s atmosphere is oxygen?

A

21%

83
Q

How much of the Earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen?

A

78%

84
Q

What gases make up Earth’s atmosphere?

A 
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Water vapour
Neon
85
Q

What factors make a good fuel?

A 
Cheap
Low boiling point
High volatility
Ignties easily
Low emissions
86
Q

What is volatility?

A

How easily a compound evaporates

87
Q

How do you test if a substance is pure?

A

Compare to a known pure fuel

Pure substance boils over a very small temperature range

88
Q

What do plants use carbon to produce?

A

Sugars

89
Q

Where are compounds with the lowest boiling point collected in fractional distillation?

A

The top of the column

90
Q

What is the volatility of compounds with a low boiling point?

A

High

91
Q

What are fossil fuels formed from?

A

Organic material that has been buried and compressed

92
Q

What is coal formed from?

A

Plant deposits

93
Q

What reaction occurs when fossil fuels are burnt?

A

Combustion reaction

94
Q

What is one of the products of burning fossil fuels?

A

Carbon dioxide

95
Q

What reacts with oxygen during the burning of fossil fuels?

A

Organic molecules formed by photosynthesis

GCSE Chemistry (10 decks)

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