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GCSE Chemistry > 2) States of Matter > Flashcards

2) States of Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What are aqueous solutions?

A

Substances dissolved in water

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2
Q

What process turns gas into liquid?

A

Condensation

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3
Q

What process turns liquid into solid?

A

Freezing

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4
Q

What is condensation?

A

When a gas is cooled to its boiling point

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5
Q

What are mixtures made of?

A

2 or more substances that haven’t been chemically combined

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6
Q

What techniques can separate mixtures?

A

Crystallisation
Chromotography
Filtration

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7
Q

How does filtration separate mixtures?

A

Mixture poured through filter paper
Insoluble solid trapped
Liquid runs through paper

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8
Q

How does crystallisation separate mixtures?

A

Heat mixture so solvent evaporates
Crystals of solute form
Collect solvent by condendsation as it evaporates

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9
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A liquid

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10
Q

What is a solute?

A

A dissolved solid

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11
Q

How does chromotography separate mixtures?

A

Dip bottom of paper into suitable solvent
Solvent moves up paper and carries the solutes with it
Solutes separate on paper

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12
Q

Why do different solutes separate at different places on chromotography paper?

A

Different solutes move at different speeds

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13
Q

What is crystallisation used to do?

A

Separate solutions into their different parts

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14
Q

What is chromotography used to do?

A

Separate solutions with a number of different solutes

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15
Q

What is filtration used to do?

A

Separate mixtures of insoluble solids and liquids

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16
Q

What is distillation used to do?

A

Separate mixtures of liquids

17
Q

What are the 2 types of distillation?

A

Simple distillation

Fractional distillation

18
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

Heating mixture until lower boiling point liquid boils

Water vapour passes through condenser

19
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

1) Heating mixture slowly until lower boiling point liquid boils and condenses
2) Continue to increase temperature to collect the other fractions

20
Q

How do boiling points of pure substances and mixtures differ?

A

Pure substances melt or boil at sharp temperatures

Mixtures melt or boil over a range of temperatures

21
Q

What are pure substances?

A

Substances containing only one element or compound

22
Q

What are formulations?

A

Mixtures of chemicals that are designed to create useful products

23
Q

What are examples of formulations?

A

Fuels
Metal alloys
Fertilisers
Medicines

24
Q

Why must the quantity of component’s in formulations be monitored precisely?

A

To ensure the formulation does as it is supposed to

25
Q

What are the 3 steps for treating waste or groundwater?

A

Sedimentation
Filtration
Chlorination

26
Q

How is seawater trated?

A

Distillation to leave behind salt and other waste

27
Q

What is distilled water?

A

Water containing no other ions or molecules

28
Q

What is potable water?

A

Drinking water

29
Q

How do impurities affect the melting and boiling points of samples?

A

Decreased melting point

Increased boiling point

30
Q

What are the 2 phases of chromotography?

A

Mobile phase

Stationary phase

31
Q

What can be said about the components that travel the furthest up chromotography paper?

A

They are highly soluble in the solvent

32
Q

What is the equation for Rf values?

A

distance travelled by substance / disatnce travelled by solvent

33
Q

What is a reference substance in chromotography?

A

A pure sample ran next to the tested substance to see if it’s a component in the mixture

34
Q

What does chromotrography result in the production of?

A

Chromotograms

35
Q

What are the stages of the chromotography practical?

A

1) Horizontal pencil line near bottom of paper
2) Place food colourings on start line along unknown subsatnces
3) Place paper in beaker with a small volume of solvent
4) Wait for solvent to travel near top of paper
5) Compare unknown spot to food colourings to identify

GCSE Chemistry (10 decks)

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