Hx, Psychiatry- fromPDF Flashcards
What does the history of mental health reveal?
Mental illness has been around since the beginning of time, but views began changing in the late 18th century.
How did views on mental illness change in the late 18th century?
Mental illness started to be seen as a disease requiring treatment and humane care.
What reflects the sociocultural climate of mental health?
The views of mental health and illness closely reflect the sociocultural climate of the time.
How is mental illness viewed in various cultures historically?
Views vary: some cultures see it negatively as possession, while others have different interpretations.
What types of magical therapies were used historically?
Charms, spells, sacrifices, exorcisms, and initiation rituals were among the therapies used.
How was unusual behavior perceived in the West historically?
Odd behavior without physical illness was often seen as possession by an evil spirit.
What physical treatments were used for mental illness in earlier times?
Treatments included bleeding, blistering, and surgical interventions like trepanation to release spirits.
What happened to individuals with severe behaviors in earlier cultures?
They were often ostracized and driven from their communities.
How was mental illness viewed during the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Mental illness was often seen as demonic possession, leading to witch hunts and inhumane treatments.
What was believed to be the cause of mental illness in the Middle Ages?
It was thought to be punishment for wrongdoing, resulting in harsh treatment methods.
What societal changes occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries regarding mental illness?
Society began to recognize the need for humane treatment, shifting focus to care rather than punishment.
What institutions were developed in the 18th and 19th centuries for mental health?
Public and private asylums were created to house individuals with mental illness.
What institution was established by Benjamin Franklin in 1751?
The Pennsylvania Hospital, the first in the U.S. to provide treatment for mental illness.
How did psychiatry evolve in the late 18th century?
Psychiatry began to be recognized as a separate branch of medicine.
What physical interventions were used in early psychiatric treatment?
Interventions included bloodletting, immobilization, and specialized devices like tranquilizer chairs.
How did Dr. Benjamin Rush influence mental health treatment?
He advocated for supportive care in pleasant environments, shifting the focus from punishment to care.
What role did Dorothea Dix play in the mental health movement?
She worked tirelessly to improve conditions for individuals with mental illness and advocated for state hospitals.
What were the conditions like in early state hospitals as a result of Dix’s efforts?
These institutions became overcrowded and often provided minimal custodial care despite Dix’s reforms.
What two schools of thought about mental illness existed in the early 1900s?
One viewed it as resulting from social deprivation, while the other saw it as a biological issue.
What theory did Sigmund Freud develop regarding mental illness?
Psychoanalytic theory, focusing on unconscious motivations and childhood experiences.
What are the five stages of development according to Freud?
Oral, anal, phallic/oedipal, latency, and genital stages.
What happens if a person experiences disruption in Freud’s stages?
Disruption leads to challenges in personal development and potential mental illness.
How did psychopharmacology change mental health treatment?
It allowed for symptom control through medications, enabling individuals to return to community living.
When was the 1990s referred to as ‘the decade of the brain’?
During this time, research on neurotransmitters and mental illness increased significantly.
What shift occurred in psychiatric treatment during the 1990s?
There was a move away from less-invasive therapies towards medical-somatic options as standard treatments.
What is the historical context of psychiatric-mental health nursing?
It began in sanitariums focused on custodial care with little understanding of mental illness.
How did mental health care evolve post-World War II?
Nursing practices began to adapt to new therapies and theories related to mental health.
Who is considered the first psychiatric nurse in America?
Linda Richards, who opened a training school for psychiatric-mental health nurses in 1882.
What was emphasized in training for early psychiatric nurses?
An emphasis on meeting patients’ physical and emotional needs.
How did Effie Taylor contribute to psychiatric nursing education?
She established the first nursing program at Johns Hopkins Phipps Clinic, integrating mental health nursing into curricula.
What therapeutic models emerged during the first half of the 20th century?
Interpersonal models focusing on the interactions between individuals.
Who was Harry Stack Sullivan and what did he theorize?
Sullivan theorized that personality reflects an individual’s interactions with others and emphasized the need for security.
What was Sullivan’s perspective on the relationship between personality and interaction?
A person’s personality, be it healthy or ill, was a direct result of their relationships with others.
What were the two key needs identified by Sullivan?
The need for satisfaction (biological needs) and the need for security (well-being and belonging).
What was the focus of nursing education in the mid-20th century?
Emphasis was placed on interpersonal relations and integrated relevant content in psychiatric nursing curricula.
What did Hildegard Peplau contribute to nursing practice?
Peplau defined nursing as a significant therapeutic process, emphasizing the importance of the nurse-patient relationship.
What does Peplau’s definition of psychiatric nursing emphasize?
The role of the nurse as a counselor/therapist and the therapeutic nature of interpersonal interactions.
How did Peplau differentiate between general staff nurses and PMHNs?
She clarified that PMHNs are expert practitioners with advanced education and training.
What methods of therapy did psychiatric nurses begin using in the mid-20th century?
Nurses became skilled in therapeutic communication and engaged in structured interactions with patients.
What is the concept of milieu management?
Creating a therapeutic environment that positively affects patient care and recovery in mental health settings.
What changes occurred in psychiatric care with the advent of antipsychotic medications in 1954?
The use of medications like chlorpromazine changed the approach to caring for severely mentally ill patients.
What roles did psychiatric nurses adopt with the introduction of antipsychotics?
Nurses began administering and monitoring medications as integral parts of patient care.
What was the impact of the Division of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Practice established in the 1960s?
It laid the foundation for a holistic view of psychiatric nursing that includes health promotion and restoration.
How did the biological movement influence psychiatric nursing by the 1990s?
Medical somatic interventions became the primary focus, shifting from a holistic view of care.
What was the change in inpatient treatment practices in the late 20th century?
Inpatient stays became shorter, resulting in less funding and resources for mental health treatment.
What was the role shift for psychiatrists in mental health care?
Psychiatrists transitioned from providing therapy to focusing on diagnostics and pharmacological treatment.
What happened to the psychiatric nurse’s role in the late 20th century?
Nurses shifted towards case management duties, emphasizing admission, discharge, and medication monitoring.
What are the implications of the shift in psychiatric care roles for nursing practice?
Nurses increasingly focused on administrative tasks, with less emphasis on therapeutic nurse-patient interactions.
What does the evolving history of mental health care indicate?
It reflects a continuous cycle of changing societal attitudes and advancements in treatment methodologies.
How did the understanding of mental illness evolve over time?
From views of demonic possession and punishment to recognition as a treatable medical condition.
What was significant about the introduction of the concept of asylum?
Asylums were developed to offer treatment rather than punishment, marking a shift in mental health care.
How did the establishment of state hospitals change mental health care?
They provided centralized care but often led to overcrowding and custodial treatment methods.
What was a consequence of Dorothea Dix’s advocacy work?
Her efforts led to the establishment of state hospitals that later became overcrowded and underfunded.
What did the emergence of psychoanalysis signify in mental health?
It marked a significant theoretical shift toward understanding the mental processes behind behaviors.
What were the early nursing practices focused on?
Early practices aimed at custodial care with little emphasis on therapeutic interventions.
What is the importance of therapeutic communication in psychiatric nursing?
It fosters the nurse-patient relationship and is vital for effective treatment outcomes.
What is the role of psychoeducation in mental health nursing?
Providing information to patients about their conditions to empower them in their recovery journey.
What were some key organizations established for psychiatric nursing in the early 20th century?
Organizations such as the American Nurses Association began to formalize standards for psychiatric care.
What is the importance of patient-centered care in the evolution of psychiatric nursing?
It reflects a shift towards valuing the patient’s experience and autonomy in treatment planning.
How has technology influenced psychiatric nursing practice?
Advancements in technology have enhanced patient assessment and treatment methods.
What were the fundamental principles emphasized by interpersonal theories in the 20th century?
Understanding the interaction between individuals is crucial for assessing and treating mental health issues.
What role did community care play in the evolution of psychiatric treatments?
Community-based treatments became prominent in providing accessible care and reducing stigma.
What are some factors that contributed to the deinstitutionalization movement?
Advancements in medication, societal attitudes towards mental health, and advocacy for patient rights.
How did mental health care change after the deinstitutionalization movement?
There was an increased focus on outpatient care and the integration of mental health services within community settings.
What psychological theorists influenced treatment modalities in the mid-20th century?
Theorists such as Carl Rogers and B.F. Skinner contributed significantly to therapeutic techniques.
In what way did the environment impact therapeutic outcomes in psychiatric nursing?
Milieu management highlights the importance of the environment as part of patient care and recovery.
What significant changes occurred in the role of psychiatric nurses in the 21st century?
Nurses now focus on holistic care, integrating mental and physical health approaches.
What is the significance of continuing education for psychiatric nurses?
It ensures that nurses stay current with best practices and evolving approaches to mental health care.
What are some emerging trends in psychiatric nursing?
Increased use of telemedicine, integrated care models, and trauma-informed care are notable trends.
How have patient rights impacted psychiatric care?
Increased advocacy for patient rights has led to more ethical practices and humane treatment standards.
Why is holistic care essential in psychiatric nursing?
Holistic care addresses the overall well-being of the patient, including physical, emotional, and social factors.
What is one major advancement in psychiatric treatment in recent years?
The development of personalized medicine targeting specific neurotransmitter imbalances in mental illness.
What is the role of advocacy in psychiatric nursing today?
Nurses work to advocate for policies that promote mental health awareness and accessibility to care.
What does the historical evolution of psychiatric nursing reveal about societal values?
It reflects a growing understanding of mental health and the importance of humane, respectful treatment.
When did the term ‘mental hygiene’ become popular?
In the early 20th century, emphasizing preventive measures and education in mental health.
How did Florence Nightingale influence nursing as a whole?
She established the importance of sanitation and holistic approaches to patient care.
What is the impact of evidence-based practice in psychiatric nursing?
It enhances the effectiveness of interventions and promotes positive patient outcomes.
What role do support groups play in mental health care?
They provide community, understanding, and shared experiences that aid in recovery.
What are some barriers to effective mental health care today?
Stigma, funding limitations, and accessibility issues continue to be significant barriers.
What is trauma-informed care and why is it important in psychiatric nursing?
It is an approach that acknowledges the impact of trauma on individuals; essential for effective and empathetic treatment.
How has research contributed to the field of psychiatric nursing?
Research has informed best practices, treatment modalities, and enhanced understanding of mental health conditions.
What is the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in mental health?
Collaborative care models improve treatment efficacy by integrating various perspectives and expertise.
What does the term ‘mental health promotion’ refer to?
Strategies aimed at enhancing mental well-being and preventing mental illness.
