Hx of Mental health, Psychiatric Nursing Flashcards
What was the common perception of mental illness in ancient civilizations?
It was often attributed to supernatural forces or punishment by the gods.
Who was Hippocrates and what was his contribution to mental health?
A Greek physician known as the ‘Father of Medicine,’ he suggested that mental illness had natural causes and could be treated.
What is the significance of the Middle Ages to the history of mental healthcare?
Mental illness was mostly viewed as demonic possession, leading to exorcisms and imprisonment in asylums.
Who was Philippe Pinel and what did he advocate for in the late 18th century?
A French physician who advocated for humane treatment of the mentally ill and removed chains from patients in asylums.
What movement did Dorothea Dix lead in the 19th century?
The mental hygiene movement, which aimed to promote better care for the mentally ill and establish state hospitals.
What was the impact of the establishment of asylums in the 18th and 19th centuries?
They provided care for the mentally ill but often became overcrowded and abusive, leading to neglect and mistreatment.
Who proposed the psychoanalytic theory of mental illness?
Sigmund Freud, emphasizing the importance of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.
What were ‘moral treatment’ methods in mental healthcare?
Approaches that focused on providing a nurturing environment, occupational and recreational activities, rather than restraint and isolation.
Describe the significance of the development of psychopharmacology in the 1950s.
Psychopharmacology introduced medications that could effectively treat mental health disorders, shifting care from institutions to outpatient settings.
What did the National Mental Health Act of 1946 establish?
It aimed to improve mental health care and research in the United States following World War II.
How did deinstitutionalization in the 1960s affect mental health care?
Patients were discharged from state hospitals and services were shifted to community settings, often without adequate support.
Who is considered the ‘Mother of Psychiatric Nursing’?
Hildegard Peplau, known for her work in developing the nurse-patient relationship model.
What is the importance of the ‘Therapeutic Milieu’ concept in psychiatric nursing?
It refers to creating a structured environment that supports recovery and promotes personal growth through social interactions.
What did the Community Mental Health Act of 1963 aim to achieve?
It intended to establish community mental health centers to provide comprehensive services.
Who was Emil Kraepelin and what was his contribution?
A German psychiatrist known for classifying mental disorders and introducing the concept of manic-depressive illness.
What is one major criticism of the medical model of mental illness?
It often overlooks the social and environmental factors contributing to mental health issues.
When was the first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published?
In 1952.
What are the three primary roles of psychiatric-mental health nurses?
To provide care, education, and support to patients with mental health disorders.
How did war influence the evolution of mental health treatment?
World Wars I and II highlighted the need for mental health services for returning soldiers, leading to increased awareness and research.
What was the impact of the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine (Thorazine)?
It marked the beginning of modern psychopharmacology and allowed patients to manage symptoms more effectively.
What did the American Nurses Association (ANA) play in psychiatric nursing?
The ANA has established standards and established the importance of specialty practice in psychiatric nursing.
What was the societal response to mental illness during the Renaissance?
Increased interest in the human experience led to more humane treatment, but there were still significant stigmas.
Describe the emergence of the concept of ‘mental hygiene.’
A movement in the early 20th century that focused on prevention and early intervention in mental health issues.
Who was Anna Freud and what did she contribute to psychiatry?
A psychoanalyst who expanded on her father’s theories, focusing on child development and the importance of ego defense mechanisms.
What did the term ‘mental illness’ encompass in the 19th century?
A broad range of conditions, often with vague definitions, including everything from mood disorders to neuroses.
What was the goal of the 1913 establishment of the National Committee on Mental Hygiene?
To promote awareness and education about mental health issues and advocate for better care and prevention.
How has stigma affected the treatment of mental health over the years?
Stigma has led to discrimination, isolation, and reluctance to seek help, impacting patient outcomes and recovery.
What was the historical view on women’s mental health in the 19th century?
Conditions like hysteria were prevalent diagnoses, often attributed to women’s emotional instability.
What is ‘moral therapy’?
A historical therapeutic approach that emphasized kindness, relaxation, and the moral management of patients in asylums.
In what way did the 1980s mental health legislation in the U.S. improve care?
It increased funding for community-based mental health services and promoted the rights of individuals with mental illness.
Who was Karen Horney, and what did she criticize in Freud’s theories?
A psychoanalyst who challenged Freud’s theories on female psychology and emphasized social and cultural factors.
What impact did the deinstitutionalization era have on psychiatric nursing?
Shifted focus from inpatient care to community-based services, increasing the need for psychiatric nurses to work in diverse settings.
What was the significance of the Recovery Movement in the 1990s?
It emphasized hope, personal responsibility, and the active role of individuals in their mental health recovery.
How did popular culture in the late 20th century affect perceptions of mental illness?
Increased media portrayal of mental illness led to greater public awareness but also sometimes perpetuated stereotypes and stigma.
Define ‘trauma-informed care’ in the context of psychiatric nursing.
An approach that recognizes the impact of trauma on individuals and aims to provide supportive care that minimizes re-traumatization.
Who are the primary advocates for mental health policy changes?
Mental health professionals, patients, families, and organizations dedicated to mental health awareness.
What was the significance of group therapy in mental health treatment?
It provided a support system, allowing individuals to share experiences and learn from one another in a therapeutic environment.
What role do advocacy groups play in mental healthcare?
They raise awareness, promote legislation for mental health services, and encourage a more supportive environment for individuals with mental illness.
What is ‘psychosocial rehabilitation’?
A recovery-oriented approach that helps individuals with mental illness reintegrate into the community through skills training and support.
How did the introduction of CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) revolutionize mental health treatment?
It provided a structured, evidence-based approach to treat various mental health disorders, focusing on changing thought patterns.
What is the significance of cultural competence in mental health care?
Acknowledging and understanding cultural differences helps provide effective, sensitive, and individualized care.
Who is recognized for developing the first psychiatric nursing school in the U.S.?
Linda Richards, who established a nursing school for psychiatric nursing in 1882 at McLean Hospital in Massachusetts.
What impact did the Internet age have on mental health awareness?
Greater access to information, support groups, and resources, though it also poses challenges regarding misinformation and stigma.
