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immunology test 1 > Humoral immunity and lymphoid tissues > Flashcards

Humoral immunity and lymphoid tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is Humoral immunity?

A

Immunity due to antibodies and their actions

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2
Q

antibodies are secreted by what?

A

Plasma cells which are antigen activated B cells

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3
Q

Antibodies secreted by plasma cells circulate the blood and can do what?

A

enter infected tissues.

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4
Q

Humor is an old term for what?

A

body fluids

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5
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Method in which antibodies reduce infection by binding tightly to a site on pathogens so as to inhibit pathogen growth, replication or interaction with human cells.

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6
Q

If antibodies bind to an influenza virus preventing the virus from infecting human cells this is called what?

A

neutralization

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7
Q

If an antibody binds tightly to a bacterial toxin and covers up its active site preventing it from binding to human cells this is called what?

A

Neutralization

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8
Q

What is opsonization?

A

phenomenon by which coating of antibody facilitates phagocytes.

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9
Q

Once a pathogen is bonded by neutralization what occurs?

A

ingestion and destruction by phagocyte.

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10
Q

During opsonization of a bacterium it is coated with antibodies (IgG molecules) which does what?

A

points outward and can bind to receptors on a macrophage which ingest and degrades the bacterium .

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11
Q

What is the most important function of antibodies?

A

to facilitate the engulfment and destruction of extracellular microorganisms and toxins via phagocytes.

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12
Q

Pathogen surfaces consist of relatively few different molecules that are at high density which allows for what?

A

an antibody specific for one antigen to coat the entire surface of a pathogen.

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13
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages both have cell-surface receptors that bind to what?

A

antibody molecule at a site apart from the antigen binding site that is attached to the pathogen. Thousands of receptors on the phagocyte will then bind to thousands of receptors attached to the pathogen which cannot escape a rapid engulfment and death.

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14
Q

A bacterium coated with antibody is more efficiently phagocytosed than what?

A

an uncoated pathogen

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15
Q

A bacterium coated with antibody is called what?

A

opsonization

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16
Q

What is primary lymphoid tissue?

A
  • Bone marrow

- Thymus

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17
Q

What is secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

all other lymphoid tissue

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18
Q

What are the 8 major lymphoid organs?

A

1) Bone marrow
2) Thymus
3) spleen
4) Adenoids
5) Tonsils
6) Appendix
7) Lymph nodes
8) Peyer’s patches

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19
Q

B lymphocytes originate where?

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

B cells mature where?

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

T lymphocytes originate where?

A

Bone marrow

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22
Q

T cells migrate where

A

in the blood from the bone marrow

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23
Q

T cells mature where?

A

In the thymus

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24
Q

Lymphatics originate where?

A

In the connective tissues throughout the body.

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25
Q

What is lymph?

A

plasma that leaks out of the blood vessels and forms extracellular fluid

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26
Q

How does lymph return to the blood?

A

via thoracic duct into the left subclavian vein in neck.

27
Q

How is lymph different than blood in the way it is pumped?

A

It is not pumped one way valves in lymph vessels direct fluid away from peripheral tissues.

28
Q

Lymph flow is driven by what?

A

body movement.

29
Q

What is Edema?

A

Lymph accumulation in tissues that results in swelling.

30
Q

Mature B cells move through the body in what?

A

blood and lymph

31
Q

Mature T cells move through the body in what?

A

blood and lymph.

32
Q

Lymphocytes leave the primary lymph tissue where they develop and enter the blood. When they reach the capillaries what happens?

A

They leave blood and enter lymph node (secondary lymphoid tissue)

33
Q

If small lymphocytes become activated by the pathogen they remain where?

A

In lymph nodes

34
Q

If small lymphocytes are not activated they will do what?

A

remain in the lymph nodes for a short time and then leave via the efferent lymph and eventually return to the blood.

35
Q

What one organ is an exception to how lymphocytes enter and exit?

A

Lymphocytes that enter the spleen enter and leave via the blood

36
Q

What responds to lymph borne pathogens?

A

blood lymphocytes

37
Q

Infection commonly occurs where?

A

In connective tissue where a skin wound occurs.

38
Q

Dendritic cells carry pathogen, fragment of pathogen where?

A

To the nearest lymph node by lymphatics

39
Q

What is draining lymph node?

A

Lymph node nearest site of infection to which extracellular fluid containing antigen and cells from the infection site is transported.

40
Q

Within the lymph nodes B cells and T cells with receptors that bind pathogens are what?

A

Stimulated to divide and differentiate into effector cells.

41
Q

Arriving lymphocytes separate into what?

A

T cell area or B cell area called lymphoid follicle

42
Q

How do infected dendritic cells and pathogens enter lymph nodes?

A

afferent lymphatic vessel

43
Q

How do infected dendritic cells leave the lymph nodes?

A

The do not they come in and stay.

44
Q

How do pathogens leave the lymph nodes?

A

They are filtered out by macrophages.

45
Q

germinal centers formed by pathogen specific B cells bind the pathogen and do what?

A

proliferate “swollen glands”

46
Q

What removes free pathogens and debris?

A

Macrophages

47
Q

Dendritic cells stay where and do what?

A

stay in lymph nodes and move to T-cell areas

48
Q

Pathogens that enter via blood are filtered by what?

A

the spleen.

49
Q

What is the spleen responsible for?

A

for filtering out damaged or old RBCs. As well as used for defending body against blood borne pathogens

50
Q

How does the spleen defend against blood borne pathogens?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells in the spleen phagocytize microorganisms. These cells stimulate B and T cells arriving in the blood.

51
Q

What is the Red pulp?

A

RBC monitored and removed

52
Q

What is white pulp?

A

WBC gather and provide adaptive immunity similar to lymph node

53
Q

What is asplenia?

A

A person born without a spleen.

54
Q

Asplenia is what type of mutation?

A

Deleterious mutation in gene for ribosomal protein SA (component of small subunit of ribosome)

55
Q

People with asplenia are susceptible to what?

A

infections of bacteria streptococcus pneumonia or Haemophillis influenza.

56
Q

Encapsulated bacteria are not susceptible to _____ but are to what?

A

not susceptible to phagocytosis but are susceptible to Ab.

57
Q

Why are kids 6 months- 1 year more susceptible to encapsulated bacteria than people older than 1 year?

A

Encapsulated bacteria are not susceptible to phagocytosis but are susceptible to Ab. Young kids do not make Abs to polysaccharides.

58
Q

How are young kids protected from encapsulated bacteria?

A

immunize with vaccines that incorporate capsular polysaccharides of these bacteria.

59
Q

Adults who have splenectomy but have been previously infected with these pathogens have what?

A

little problem

60
Q

What are the secondary lymph tissues associated with the Gut (GALT)?

A
  • Tonsils
  • Adenoids
  • Appendix
  • Peyer’s patch
61
Q

Peyer’s patch does lines what?

A

small intestine

62
Q

What is the secondary lymph tissues associated with Bronchial (BALT)

A

-line respiratory epithelium

63
Q

How do pathogens arrive in Mucosal associated secondary lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

A

By direct delivery across mucosa mediated by specialized cells of the mucosal epithelium (M cells).

64
Q

Lymphocytes of MALT enter tissue from where and go where?

A

Enter from blood and if activated stay within mucosal system but if not activated they leave the lymphatics.

immunology test 1 (7 decks)

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