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immunology test 1 > Chapter 1: Elements of immunology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Elements of immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in a non working immune system?

A
  • Adaptive immunity can not be functioning without a functional innate immune response because the innate immune system activates the adaptive immune system
  • Therefore even minor infections can take hold and can be fatal
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2
Q

No innate immune response means what for the adaptive immune response?

A

It is not activated; the innate immune response activates the adaptive immune response

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3
Q

If your immune system is suppose to protect you from infection why do some people die? Is their immune system non-functional?

A

No; The immune system takes time to build up its strongest response to invading pathogens. During this time the invading pathogen(s) can multiply and cause disease.

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4
Q

To build your adaptive immunity to give your body future protection from a disease the immune system must first do what?

A

Battle that disease

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5
Q

When are people at the highest risk during infection?

A

During their first infection of that pathogen and in the absence of modern medicine their is witness of high child mortality (witnessed in developing worlds)

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6
Q

What do vaccines do?

A
  • Provides opportunity for the immune system to gain experience needed to make a protective response.
  • Prevents illness
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7
Q

Can vaccines make you sick?

A

No

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8
Q

What causes small pox?

A

pox virus

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9
Q

What was the first vaccine?

A

small pox

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10
Q

When was the highest number of countries with at least on case of small pox and when was it eradicated?

A
  • highest number of countries was ~30 in 1965

- Eradicated in 1979

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11
Q

How was the vaccine for Jenner made?

A

By inoculation with cow pox (virus similar to small pox)

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12
Q

are the “common” people still vaccinated against small pox? Why or why not?

A

No because it is eradicated only military personal who may be exposed to it as a bio weapon.

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13
Q

Was Jenner’s small pox vaccine the first method used to induce immunity against small pox?

A

No; Asia used small amounts of the small pox virus to induce a protective immunity for hundreds of years before this method was introduced into western Europe. Then the vaccine for small pox was discovered in 1796.

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14
Q

Why is it called a vaccination?

A

Procedure was named after vaccina which was the name of the mild disease produced by cow pox.

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15
Q

Other than preventing disease what may manipulating the Immune system accomplish?

A

prevents unwanted immune response such as:

 - allergies
- autoimmune diseases
- Rejection
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16
Q

What are commensal species?

A

Microbial species that live in a healthy humans gut (more than 1000)

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17
Q

What are microbita?

A
  • The community of microbial species (species that live in healthy humans) that occupy a specific niche
  • This includes the skin, mouth, vagina and gut (commensal species)
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18
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Collection of cells dedicated to the defense of body against disease

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19
Q

What is immunization?

A

Procedure where severe disease is prevented by prior exposure to the infectious agent in a form that can not cause disease

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20
Q

What occurs in the colon (gut) during antibiotic treatment?

A

1) Antibiotics kill many of the commensal bacteria along with the disease-causing bacteria
2) After treatment the body is recolonized by a new population of microorganisms. Opportunistic disease-causing pathogens and other pathogenic bacteria can get a foothold and produce toxins that cause mucosal injury
3) RBCs and WBCs leak into the gut through injure epithelial cells.

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21
Q

What is Clostridium difficile?

A
  • An opportunistic disease-causing bacteria
  • can be fatal
  • Commonly caused due to antibiotics killing commensal bacteria
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22
Q

What are the symptoms of C. diff?

A

Causes severe diarrhea and sometimes more serious gastrointestinal conditions called pseudomembraneous colitis.

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23
Q

The skin and mucosal surfaces are part of what type of defense?

A
  • The body’s first line of defense

- Part of the innate immune system

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24
Q

What is the skin?

A

A tough layer of impenetrable barrier of epithelium protected by layers of keratinized cells.

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25
Q

What does the mucosal surface or mucosae consist of ?

A
  • -Continually bathed in mucus they secrete.
  • The mucus is a thick fluid layer consisting of glycoproteins, proteoglycans and enzymes that protect the epithelial cells from damage and help to limit infection.
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26
Q

How is mucous removed in the respiratory tract? How is it replenished?

A

By beating cilia and replenished by mucus-secreting goblet cells.

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27
Q

What happens if the skin is breached?

A

exposes the soft tissue and renders them vulnerable to infection.

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28
Q

Why is it that until antiseptic procedures in the 19th century surgery was very risky?

A

Because of life threatening infections that the procedure would introduce.

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29
Q

Before antiseptic procedures in the 19th century more soldiers died of what than direct effects of enemy action?

A

Acquired infections from the battle field.

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30
Q

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

A

To induce immunological memory to a pathogen so subsequent infections with pathogen elicits a strong, fast-acting adaptive response.

31
Q

What is a primary immune response?

A

The first time an adaptive response is made to a given pathogen

32
Q

Primary immune response results in what?

A

Immunological memory and acquired immunity

33
Q

What is secondary immune response?

A

The second and subsequent times the adaptive immune response is made

34
Q

What response is Immunological memory applied?

A

The secondary immune response

35
Q

How is the secondary immune response different than the primary immune response?

A

Secondary immune response is much stronger and faster. Secondary immune response also stops infection with minimal illness.

36
Q

Why are infections successfully eliminated by the innate system difficult to assess

A

Infections overcome by the innate system are overcome before they have caused symptoms severe enough to command the attention of those infected or of their physician.

37
Q

Continuous with the skin are what?

A

the epithelial lining if the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts.

38
Q

On the internal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts the impermeable skin gives away to what?

A

Specialized tissues for communication with their environment and are more vulnerable to microbial invasion. These surfaces are known as mucosal surfaces or mucosae.

39
Q

All epithelial surfaces secrete what?

A

Antimicrobial substances

40
Q

What are the antimicrobial substances that epithelial tissue secretes?

A
  • Sebum
  • Antimicrobial peptides
  • Lysozyme
  • acidic pH
41
Q

What is sebum?

A
  • It is an antimicrobial
  • Fatty acids and lactic acids secreted by Sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles
  • Inhibits bacterial growth on the surface of the skin
42
Q

How does Sebum act as an antimicrobial?

A

Its fatty acids and lactic acids secreted from the sebaceous glands inhibits the growth on the surface of the skin.

43
Q

Antimicrobial peptides are what?

A
  • antimicrobials
  • produced by all epithelial
  • kills bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses
44
Q

How does Antimicrobial peptides act as an antimicrobial?

A

Kills bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses by pertubing their membranes.

45
Q

What is lysozyme?

A
  • enzyme
  • present in tears and saliva
  • kills bacteria by degrading their cell walls
46
Q

How do lysozymes act as antimicrobial?

A

It is an enzyme that kills bacteria by degrading their cell walls

47
Q

What are acidic pH of epithelial surfaces ?

A
  • present with in the stomach, the vagina and skin

- Deters microorganism growth

48
Q

How does acidic pH act as an antimicrobial?

A

Deters microorganism growth.

49
Q

What happens when fixed defenses of the skin and mucosa barriers are breached?

A
  • Pathogens gain entry into the body’s soft tissue

- Defenses of the innate immune system are brought into play.

50
Q

What response causes inflammation at the site of infection?

A

Innate immune response.

51
Q

What are the two parts of the Innate immune response?

A

1) Recoginition of a pathogen present (general not specific response)
2) Involves recruitment of destructive effector mechanisms that kill and eliminate the pathogen.

52
Q

Can the Innate system recognize if a pathogen is either E.coli, influenza or something else?

A

No it merely is away a pathogen exists.

53
Q

How does the innate system recognize a pathogen is present?

A

Involves soluble proteins and cell surface receptors that bind to either:
(a) The pathogen and its product
OR
(b) The human cells and serum proteins that become altered in the presence of the pathogen.

54
Q

How does the innate system recruiting destructive effector mechanisms kill and eliminate a pathogen?

A

The effector cells of various types engulfs bacteria, kills virus infected cells and attacks protozans parasites

55
Q

How does the innate system’s effector mechanism “mark” pathogens?

A

The effector mechanism provide a series of serum proteins called complement that help effector cells by marking pathogens with molecular flags.

56
Q

What are the roles of the effector mechanism?

A
  • Marks pathogens with molecular flags

- kills pathogens

57
Q

What is complement?

A

series of serum proteins

58
Q

In what type of people is an infection most likely to outrun the innate immune system?

A
  • malnourished
  • poorly housed
  • sleep deprived
  • stress
59
Q

What does the innate immune system do when an infection outruns it?

A

works to slow down the spread of the infection while it calls upon WBCs called lymphocytes

60
Q

WBC are called what?

A

lymphocytes

61
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Increases the power and focus of the immune response

62
Q

Lymphocytes are part of what branch of the immune system?

A

Adaptive immune system

63
Q

Immunological memory is used in what?

A

primary immune response

64
Q

Acquired or protective memory is used in what?

A

Secondary immune response.

65
Q

Is acquired immunity the same for all infections?

A

No; For some infections like the measles virus one full-blown infection can provide immunity for decades however for Influenza this protection is less effective.

66
Q

Why is acquired immunity for influenza less effective then for other viruses like the measles virus?

A

This is because influenza changes on a yearly basis to escape the immunity acquired by its human host.

67
Q

What is acquired or protective immunity?

A

The adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory

68
Q

How is the adaptive immune response different than the innate immune response different in regards to species

A
  • adaptive immune response is ONLY in vertebrates

- Innate immune response is in vertebrates and invertebrates

69
Q

How is the adaptive immune response different than the innate immune response in regards to defense

A
  • adaptive immune response has specific response defense; specialized defense will not work against infections of a different pathogen
  • Innate immune system has a general response; works against all pathogens the same.
70
Q

How is the adaptive immune response different than the innate immune response in regard to time response?

A

-Adaptive immune response is slow (days to weeks)

Innate immune response is rapid (hours).

71
Q

How is the adaptive immune response different than the innate immune response in regards to strength of response

A
  • Adaptive immune response increases as time of infection increases
  • Innate immune response is constant/the same no matter how long the infection persists.
72
Q

Why is the innate immune response a general (non-specific) response and the adaptive immune response is a specific response?

A
  • Receptors in the innate immunity comprise many different types. They each recognize features shared by all groups of pathogens and are not specific for a particular pathogen.
  • Lymphocytes (adaptive immune response) recognize pathogens via ell-surface receptors of just one molecular type.
73
Q

How are lymphocyte receptors encoded?

A

NOT by conventional genes but by gene cutting, splicing and modification during lymphocyte development. In this way each lymphocyte is programmed to make one variant of the basic receptor type to make the billions of different receptors.

immunology test 1 (7 decks)

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