chapter 1: inflammation

Question 1

inflammation is what type or immune response?

Answer 1

innate immune response

Question 2

inflammation is caused by what?

Answer 2

soluble proteins called cytokines

Question 3

The overall effects of the innate immune response is to induce what?

Answer 3

Inflammation in infected tissues.

Question 4

symptoms of inflammation include?

Answer 4

• redness
• pain
• heat
• swelling

Question 5

what happens when cytokines are secreted?

Answer 5

vasodilation occurs and vascular permeability increases. This allows fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave the blood and enter tissue.

Question 6

once fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells leave the blood to the infected tissue what happens?

Answer 6

The infected tissues become inflamed.

Question 7

Is inflammation due to to the infection?

Answer 7

No; inflammation is due to the innate immune response which is responding to an invading pathogen

Question 8

The presence of bacteria in the damaged tissue causes what?

Answer 8

The presence of bacteria and the cells send out serum proteins called cytokines that interact with other cells to trigger the innate immune response.

Question 9

Once an innate immune response is triggered by cytokines the serum proteins of the complement are what?

Answer 9

cleaved and activated by the bacterial cell surface

Question 10

Once the serum proteins of the complement are cleaved and activated by the bacterial cell surface what happens?

Answer 10

The serum proteins of the complement system form a covalent bond between a fragment of the complement protein and a pathogen.

Question 11

The attached piece of complement to the pathogen does what?

Answer 11

Marks the pathogen as dangerous

Question 12

A different soluble complement fragment (other than the one covalently attached to a pathogen) summons what?

Answer 12

summons an effector cell (such as a phagocytic WBC) to the site of complement activation.

Question 13

The effector cell on the complement has a surface receptor that does what?

Answer 13

binds to the complement fragment that is covalently bonded to the pathogen.

Question 14

Once the effector cell on the complement binds to the complement covalently bonded to the pathogen what happens?

Answer 14

The effector cell (such as the WBC) engulfs the receptor and its bound ligands via phagocytosis. The pathogen has thus been engulfed.

Question 15

After the pathogen is engulfed by the effector cell what occurs?

Answer 15

The pathogen is delivered to an intracellular vesicle called a phagosome where it is destroyed.

Question 16

Where is the pathogen destroyed?

Answer 16

phagosome

Question 17

What do cytokines induce?

Answer 17

Local dilation of blood capillaries (vasodilation)

Question 18

Vasodilation causes what symptom(s) of inflammation?

Answer 18

causes the skin to warm and redden due to the increase in blood flow.

Question 19

Vasodilation does what to the endothelium?

Answer 19

introduces gaps between the cells of the endothelium

Question 20

What is endothelium?

Answer 20

Thin layer of specialized epithelium that lines the interior of blood vessels.

Question 21

What happens to the endothelium during vasodilation?

Answer 21

Causes gaps between cells of the endothelium which makes the endothelium permeable and increases the leakage of blood plasma into the connective tissue .

Question 22

What symptom(s) does gaps in between the cells of the endothelium cause?

Answer 22

Swelling and pain; The increase in permeability and the increase in the leakage of blood plasma into the connective tissue caused my vasodilation causes swelling, puts pressure on nerve endings and causing pain.

Question 23

What is pus in inflammed infections?

Answer 23

Dead WBCs.

Question 24

Cytokines also change the adhesive properties of the vascular endothelium which results in what?

Answer 24

Inviting of WBCs to attach to it and move from the blood to the inflamed tissue.

Question 25

What are inflammatory cells

Answer 25

• WBCs in inflamed tissues
• WBCs infiltration into inflamed tissues
• Substances released by WBCs that contribute to the pain of inflammation

Question 26

WBCs in the inflamed tissue do what?

Answer 26

Release substances that contribute to inflammation.

Question 27

WBCs infiltrating into inflamed tissue contribute to what?

Answer 27

swelling

Question 28

Substances released by WBCs in inflamed tissues contribute to what?

Answer 28

pain.

Question 29

What is the benefit of inflammation?

Answer 29

Enables (allows) cells and molecules of the immune system to be brought rapidly in large numbers into the infected tissues.

Question 30

WBCs are (short/long) lived so what occurs?

Answer 30

Short lived so they are continually being made