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immunology test 1 > chapter 1: Hematopoietic cells > Flashcards

chapter 1: Hematopoietic cells Flashcards

1
Q

Hematapoietic stem cells create what?

A
  • Common lymphoid precursor

- Common myeloid precursor

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2
Q

The process which leukocytes are generated is called what?

A

Hematopoiesis.

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3
Q

Leukockytes are derived from what?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell also called

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4
Q

the pluripotent hematopoietic stem divides into daughter cells that give rise to what?

A

More mature cells that commit to one of three lineages

1) lymphoid precursor
2) Myeloid precursor
3) Megakaryocyte/erthroid progenitor

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5
Q

What is the progenitor and all its cells types are collectively named what?

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic cells

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6
Q

The myeloid precursor gives rise to what?

A

Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor

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7
Q

Th eerythroid/ megakaryocyte progenitor gives rise to what?

A

Gives rise to lineage of blood cells including:

1) platelet producing megakaryocytes
2) Oxygen producing erythrocytes

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8
Q

Megakaryocytes give rise to what?

A

platelets

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9
Q

Erythroblast give rise to what?

A

oxygen producing erythrocytes

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10
Q

Granulocyte progenitor gives rise to what?

A
  • Neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
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11
Q

The unknown precursor gives rise to what?

A

Mast cell

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12
Q

the macrophage cell precursor gives rise to what?

A

monocyte

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13
Q

monocyte gives rise to what?

A
  • macrophage and

- dendritic cell

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14
Q

Mast cell is created from what?

A

Mast cell comes from unknown precursor which comes from granulocyte-macrophage progenitor. which comes from common myeloid precursor. All come from hematopoietic stem cell.

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15
Q

Myeloid progenitor cells include what?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Macrophage
  • Dendritic cell
  • Mast cell
  • Platelets
  • Erythrocytes
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16
Q

Magakaryocytes are permanent residents of what?

A

Bone marrow

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17
Q

Do Magakaryocytes have a small or large nucleus

A

Giant nucleus

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18
Q

Magakaryocytes are what?

A

Fusion of multiple precursor cells

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19
Q

The nuclei of Magakaryocytes have what?

A

multiple sets of chromosomes.

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20
Q

Magakaryocytes give rise to what?

A

Platelets

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21
Q

What is one function of platelets?

A

maintains integrity of blood vessels.

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22
Q

Erythroblast give rise to what?

A

gives rise to erythrocyte (red blood cells).

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23
Q

What is self-renewal?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells dividing into further hematopoetic stem cells creating daughter cells. These daughter cells mature and commit to one of three lineages:

1) Erythroids
2) Myeloid
3) Lymphoid

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24
Q

What Myeloid progenitor cells are granulocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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25
Q

Granulocytes have what?

A

prominent cytoplasmic granules containing reactive substances that kill microorganisms and enhances inflammation.

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26
Q

What are other members of the Myeloid progenitor cells that are NOT granulocytes?

A
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • mast cells
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27
Q

Granulocytes have cytoplasmic granules containing reactive substances that do what?

A

kill microorganisms and ENHANCE inflammation

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28
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

Generation of blood cells

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29
Q

Neutrophils are what ____ therefore do what?

A

Neutrophils are granulocytes thus enhance inflammation

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30
Q

Eosinophils are ____ therefore do what?

A

are granulocytes therefore enhance inflammation

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31
Q

Basophils are _____ therefore do what?

A

Are granulocytes therefore enhance inflammation.

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32
Q

Granuolocytes are also called what?

A

polymorphonucelar leukocytes.

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33
Q

Polymoprhonuclear leukocytes are an example of what?

A

White Blood cell therefore granulocytes are WBCs.

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34
Q

What type of shape do granulocytes’s nuclei have?

A

irregular with 2-5 lobes

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35
Q

What is the most abundant granulocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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36
Q

What is the most abundant Leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils (40-70%)

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37
Q

What is the most lethal phagocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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38
Q

How long do neutrophils live? where do they die?

A

Short lived and die at infection site

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39
Q

Dead neutrophils make what?

A

Pus

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40
Q

What Leukocyte is not a granulocyte?

A
  • Lymphocyte

- Monocytes

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41
Q

Neutrophils specialize in what

A

capture, engulfment and killing of microorganisms. It is a phagocyte.

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42
Q

Neutrophils secrete what?

A

The antimicrobial defensin

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43
Q

Neutrophil is what type of cells in what arm of the immune system?

A

Effector cell in the innate immune system

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44
Q

What type of conditions do neutrophils work in?

A

Can work in anaerobic conditions that are seen in damaged tissues.

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45
Q

What is the second most abundant granulocyte?

A

Eosinophil

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46
Q

What is the second most abundant Leukocytes?

A

Lymphocytes

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47
Q

Where are neutrophils stored?

A

stored in the bone marrow and released when needed to fight infection

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48
Q

Neutrophils are engulfed and degraded by what?

A

Macrophages.

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49
Q

What is Eosinophils role?

A

Defends against helminth worms and other intestinal parasites

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50
Q

How does Eosinophil kill parasites?

A

The parasite is coded with antibodies and Eosinophil releases its granule contents

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51
Q

What is the least abundant Granulocyte?

A

Basophils

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52
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Defends against parasites.

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53
Q

How are granulocytes named?

A

By their staining

54
Q

Where does eosinophil get its name?

A

It gets its name by its stain; it contains basic substanes that bind acidic stains like eosin

55
Q

Where does Basophil get its name?

A

From its stain; It contains acidic substances that binds basic stains like hematoxylin.

56
Q

Where does Neutrophils get its name?

A

It binds neither acidic or basic stains.

57
Q

Platelets initiate and participate in what?

A

clotting reactions that block badly damaged blood vessels to prevent blood loss.

58
Q

Where do monocytes arise from?

A

From the Macrophage and dendritic cell precursor

59
Q

Monocytes give rise to what?

A
  • macrophages

- dendritic cells

60
Q

Monocytes are what?

A

Leukocytes that circulate the blood

61
Q

What is the shape of Monocyte’s nuclei?

A

distinctive indented nucleus; they all look the same.

62
Q

Monocytes are mobile progenitors of of the sendentary tissue cells called _____

A

macrophages

63
Q

Monocytes mature into what?

A

Macrophages

64
Q

What happens when monocytes turn into macrophages?

A

They take up residency; no longer mobile.

65
Q

Where do monocytes travel?

A

through blood and tissues

66
Q

How long do Macrophages live?

A

Long lived unlike Neutrophils.

67
Q

whom is the first to SENSE invading microorganisms?

A

Macrophages

68
Q

When macrophages sense pathogen what does it do?

A

Secrets cytokines that recruit neutrophils and other leukocytes

69
Q

who is the 9-1-1 caller?

A

Macrophages

70
Q

Who is the first responder?

A

Neutrophils

71
Q

Who are the “garbage-collectors” or scavengers cells of the body?

A

Macrophages

72
Q

What cell is called the “large phagocyte”

A

Macrophage

73
Q

What do macrophages do?

A
  • engulfs material
  • act as garbage collector
  • warns other cells
  • secretes cytokines to recruit neutrophils and other leukocytes
74
Q

What helps Macrophages engulf materials?

A

Its numerous vacuoles.

75
Q

What is macrophages shape?

A

Irregularly shaped characterized by an extensive cytoplasm with numerous vacuoles.

76
Q

Where does degradation in macrophages occur?

A

Phagosome

77
Q

What happens after degradation of “trash”?

A

It is transported to phagolysosome.

78
Q

Binding of bacteria to phagocytic receptors on macrophages does what?

A

Induces their engulfment and degradation

79
Q

Binding of bacterial components to signaling receptors on macrophages does what?

A

Induces the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines.

80
Q

Dendritic cells rise from what?

A

Monocytes which rise from myeloid precursor

81
Q

Dendritic cells are located where?

A

In body’s tissue

82
Q

What is the shape of dendritic cells?

A

star shaped

83
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Cellular messengers sent to call on the adaptive system.

84
Q

What messenger cell activated the adaptive cell

A

Dendritic cells (change it from innate immune system to the adaptive immune system).

85
Q

Dendritic cells that reside in the infected tissue will do what?

A

Leave the tissue with a cargo of intact and degraded pathogens and take it to one of the several lymphoid organs that specialize in making adaptive immune responses.

86
Q

Mast cells arise from what?

A

unknown progenitor that arises from the Myeloid precursor

87
Q

What cell has granules but is not considered a granulocyte?

A

Mast cells

88
Q

Why are mast cells not considered a granulocyte?

A

rises from a different progenitor a progenitor that is unknown.

89
Q

Where are Mast cells located?

A

In all connective tissues

90
Q

Mast cells have granules like what?

A

Basophils; meaning it has acid substances that will be stained with basic stains.

91
Q

What contributes most to inflammation?

A

Activation and degranulation of mast cells at the site of infection.

92
Q

Lymphoid precursor consists of what?

A
  • T cell
  • Natural killer (NK) cell
  • B cell
93
Q

What are Natural killer cells?

A

Large lymphocytes

94
Q

Natural killer cells are par of what immune arm branch?

A

Innate immune system

95
Q

What are the two populations of distinguishing morphology of the lymphoid progenitor?

A

1) Large lymphocytes with granular cytoplasm consisting of NK cells
2) Small lymphocytes with almost no cytoplasm consisting of B and T cells

96
Q

What do NK cells defend against?

A

Viral infections

97
Q

How do Natural killer cells defend against viral infections?

A

-They enter infected tissue and prevent the spread of infection by killing virus infected cells and by secreting cytokines that impede viral replication in infected cells.

98
Q

The small lympocytes are the cells responsible for what?

A

adaptive immune response.

99
Q

Small lympocytes are small because of what?

A

they circulate in a quiescent and immature form that is functionally inactive.

100
Q

Recoginition of a pathogen by small lymphocytes drives a process of what?

A

lymphocyte selction, growth and differentiation that after 1-2 weeks produces a powerful response tailored to the invading organism.

101
Q

small granular lymphocytes consist of what?

A

T cells and B cells.

102
Q

B-cells and T cells are distinguished how?

A

By cell-surface receptors and their function

103
Q

Receptors for B cells are what?

A

Immunoglobulins

104
Q

Receptors for T cells are what?

A

T-cell receptors

105
Q

Effector B cells are called what?

A

plasma cells.

106
Q

Plasma cells are what? They secrete what?

A

Effector B cells; They secrete soluble form of immunoglobulins known as antibodies.

107
Q

Soluble form of immunoglobulins are called what?

A

antibodies

108
Q

T-cell receptors are only expressed how?

A

As Cell-surface receptors never as soluble proteins.

109
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

molecule or molecular fragment that is recoginized by an antibody, B-cell receptor, or T-cell receptor.

110
Q

What is an antigen receptor?

A

Surface immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors.

111
Q

Each T cell expresses what?

A

a single T-cell receptor

112
Q

Each B cell expresses what?

A

A single type of immunoglobulin (Ig)

113
Q

Ig stands for what?

A

Immunoglobulin

114
Q

Immunoglobulins and T-receptors are structurally ______

A

similar molecules

115
Q

The products of the genes of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors are what?

A

Cut, spliced and modified.

116
Q

Differences in the amino acid sequence of the variable regions of the immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors do what?

A

create a vast variety of binding sites that are specific for different antigens and thus for different pathogens

117
Q

On encountering the antigen recognized by their antigen receptors, B cells do what?

A

Differentiated into antibody (Ab) producing plasma cells

118
Q

What is the only effector function of B cells?

A

plasma cells; B cells can only become plasma cells when it has been antigen activated

119
Q

What does Aa stand for

A

antibody

120
Q

Plasma cells do what?

A

Produce antibodies (Aa)

121
Q

Antigen-activated T-cells can become what type of effector cells?

A

1) Cytotoxic T cells

2) Helper T-cells

122
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells do what?

A

Kill cells infected with virus or certain bacteria

123
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells have similar effector functions as whom?

A

Natural killer cells.

124
Q

What is the difference between Cytotoxic T cells and Natural killer cells if they have similar effector functions?

A

Cytotoxic T cells occur during adaptive immune response and Natural killer cells occur during innate immune response.

125
Q

What do helper T-cells do?

A

Secrete Cytokines that help other cells of the immune system become fully activated effector cells.

126
Q

One subset of helper T cells helps macrophages do what?

A

become more functionally active in phagocytosis

127
Q

Another subset of helper T-cells helps active B-cells do what?

A

become antibody-secreting plasma cells.

128
Q

Another subset of helper T cells comprise the regulator T cells that do what?

A

Controls the activities of the cytotoxix T cells and other types of T cells.

129
Q

Why do regulator T cells control the activity of other T cells?

A

to prevent unnecessary tissue damage and stopping the immune response once the pathogen has been defeated,

130
Q

Are NK cells granulocytes?

A

No this should have been crossed out on the power point

131
Q

Natural killer cells do random handshakes. If it has many more bad hand shakes than good hand shakes then what happens?

A

NK cells kill that cell.

132
Q

B cells can only become a plasma cell when it is what?

A

activated by T cell with a few exceptions.

immunology test 1 (7 decks)

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