HUMANS IN THEIR ECOLOGICAL SETTING

Question 1

is the interdisciplinary or
transdisciplinary study of the
relationship between humans and
their natural, social, and built
environments.

Answer 1

HUMAN ECOLOGY

Question 2

He used the word “oekologie”
in 1866 to describe the study of an
organism’s relationship to its
environment.

Answer 2

Ernst Haeckel

Question 3

is composed of concept from
ecology like interconnectivity,
community behavior, and spatial
organization.

Answer 3

HUMAN ECOLOGY

Question 4

Also known as The Burgess Model,
The Bull’s Eye Model

Answer 4

Concentric Zone Model

Question 5

Concentric Zone Model was developed in the 1920’s by the urban
sociologist ____

Answer 5

Ernest Burgess

Question 6

The model portrays how cities social
groups are spatially arranged in a series
of rings.

Answer 6

Concentric Zone Model

Question 7

Concentric Zone Model zonings

Answer 7

1. Central Business District (CBD)
2. Zone of transition
3. Zone of independent workers’ home
4. Zone of better residences
5. Commuter’s zone

Question 8

was an American anthropologist
known best for his role in
developing “the concept and
method” of cultural ecology, as
well as a scientific theory of culture
change.

Answer 8

JULIAN HAYNES STEWARD

Question 9

called for a future when all
planning would be “human
ecological planning” by default,
always bound up in human’s
relationship with their
environments.

Answer 9

IAN McHARG

Question 10

• was a geographer who considered human
  ecology to be unique field of geography.
• regarded Human Ecology as the
  relation between geography and the
  environment

Answer 10

HARLAN H. BARROWS

Question 11

• was an urban sociologist who
  considered human ecology as the
  study of the relationship between
  biotic balance and social equilibrium.
• He emphasized the cultural structure
  of human society

Answer 11

ROBERT EZRA PARK

Question 12

• a psychologist, worked for the US
  government during World War II to
  change people’s attitudes toward
  rationing.
• In his study, he used “the environment” to
  describe the mental environment,
  expanding human ecology into the world
  of the mind.

Answer 12

KURT LEWIN

Question 13

an economist, saw a strong correlation
between economics and ecology

Answer 13

KENNETH E. BOULDING

Question 14

• an anthropologist, emphasized the role
  that culture has in explaining the nature of
  human societies.
• He considered human society to be
  dictated by much more than the
  immediate physical environment and
  biotic assemblage. The nature of local
  group is determined by both local
  adaptations and larger institutions

Answer 14

JULIAN STEWARD

Question 15

• was a sociologist associated with the
  University of Chicago.
• believed human ecology to be
  concerned with the process of spatial
  grouping of interacting human beings or
  of interrelated human institutions

Answer 15

RODERICK D. McKENZIE

Question 16

was a landscape architect and writer on
regional planning using natural systems.
He was the founder of the department of
landscape architecture at the University
of Pennsylvania in the United States. His
1969 book Design with Nature pioneered
the concept of ecological planning.

Answer 16

IAN McHARG

Question 17

an urban systems ecologist at the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, defines human ecology, in Chinese terms as the science of the living state or dynamics of the human being, driven by objective
and subjective factors.

Answer 17

RUSON WANG

Question 18

• generally known as a British anthropologist,
  contributed to human ecology in the realm of the ecology of mind.
• He was opposed to the way scientists try to reduce everything to matter; his goal was to reintroduce the mind into the equation. He emphasized the importance of looking at the world not just though reductionist logic, but to understand the connections in the “pattern which connects” all of our minds through stories.

Answer 18

GREGORY BATESON

Question 19

Human ecological concepts
come from ecology

Answer 19

1. Interaction
2. Levels of Integration
3. Functionalism
4. DIversity and Stability
5. Systems Analysis
6. Spatial Analysis
7. Gestalt Perspective

Question 20

• as an assumption that everything
  interacts with other things and a
  basis for all further analysis.
• is a function of scale,
  but should be extended to be a
  function of diversity and
  complexity.

Answer 20

INTERACTION

Question 21

is the concept that entities are
organized on levels of different
scale for better analysis, for
example from the level of the
molecule, the individual, the family,
the community, the population, the
biosphere, or the universe.

Answer 21

LEVELS OF INTEGRATION

Question 22

• People’s perception of a complex world is a function of their ability to be able to
  comprehend beyond the immediate, both in time and in space.
• This concept manifested
  in the popular slogan promoting
  sustainability: “think global, act local.”
  Moreover, people’s conception of
  community stems from not only their physical location but their mental and emotional connections and varies from “community as place, community as way of life, or community of collective action.”

Answer 22

FUNCTIONALISM

Question 23

are contentious topics in ecology;
current research shows that
ecosystems are less stable than
originally thought and high diversity
does not immediately translate into
high stability. These have not often
been applied to human ecology.

Answer 23

DIVERSITY AND STABILITY

Question 24

one way to understand human
ecology, however many topics are
more complex and it is important to
realize that systems analysis is only one
way to understand them and fairly
simplified. Most systems are not closed
and therefore require simplification in
order to study them.

Answer 24

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

Question 25

is essential to
human ecology because
many of the problems of
relations between humans
and their environments are
physical.

Answer 25

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Question 26

is important to human ecology because it
recognizes that we can gain understanding of a system by looking at it as a whole.

Answer 26

GESTALT PERSPECTIVE

Question 27

Studies focusing on one specific area.
Most institutions of higher learning
award degrees based on
monodisciplinary majors intended to
prepare students for work in a specific
discipline.

Answer 27

MONODISCIPLINARY

Question 28

A variety of subjects studied
concurrently. A liberal arts degree
requires students to study a variety of
subjects to prepare them to be effective
citizens in a complex society.

Answer 28

MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Question 29

Integration between disciplines. A
human ecological education integrates
ideas from different disciplines to better
addressing complex problems dealing
with human/environment (whether
social, physical, or mental) interactions

Answer 29

INTERDISCIPLINARY

Question 30

A perspective that transcends
disciplines. A human ecological
education goes beyond integrating
different disciplines, creating a
worldview that assumes an inherent
connectivity when better addressing
problems relating to human/
environment interactions, but still
relying on solid disciplinary
foundation.

Answer 30

TRANSDISCIPLINARY

Question 31

What are different types of disciplinaries?

Answer 31

1. MONODISCIPLINARY
2. MULTIDISCIPLINARY
3. INTERDISCIPLINARY
4. TRANSDISCIPLINARY