HUMANS IN THEIR ECOLOGICAL SETTING Flashcards
is the interdisciplinary or
transdisciplinary study of the
relationship between humans and
their natural, social, and built
environments.
HUMAN ECOLOGY
He used the word “oekologie”
in 1866 to describe the study of an
organism’s relationship to its
environment.
Ernst Haeckel
is composed of concept from
ecology like interconnectivity,
community behavior, and spatial
organization.
HUMAN ECOLOGY
Also known as The Burgess Model,
The Bull’s Eye Model
Concentric Zone Model
Concentric Zone Model was developed in the 1920’s by the urban
sociologist ____
Ernest Burgess
The model portrays how cities social
groups are spatially arranged in a series
of rings.
Concentric Zone Model
Concentric Zone Model zonings
- Central Business District (CBD)
- Zone of transition
- Zone of independent workers’ home
- Zone of better residences
- Commuter’s zone
was an American anthropologist
known best for his role in
developing “the concept and
method” of cultural ecology, as
well as a scientific theory of culture
change.
JULIAN HAYNES STEWARD
called for a future when all
planning would be “human
ecological planning” by default,
always bound up in human’s
relationship with their
environments.
IAN McHARG
- was a geographer who considered human
ecology to be unique field of geography. - regarded Human Ecology as the
relation between geography and the
environment
HARLAN H. BARROWS
- was an urban sociologist who
considered human ecology as the
study of the relationship between
biotic balance and social equilibrium. - He emphasized the cultural structure
of human society
ROBERT EZRA PARK
- a psychologist, worked for the US
government during World War II to
change people’s attitudes toward
rationing. - In his study, he used “the environment” to
describe the mental environment,
expanding human ecology into the world
of the mind.
KURT LEWIN
an economist, saw a strong correlation
between economics and ecology
KENNETH E. BOULDING
- an anthropologist, emphasized the role
that culture has in explaining the nature of
human societies. - He considered human society to be
dictated by much more than the
immediate physical environment and
biotic assemblage. The nature of local
group is determined by both local
adaptations and larger institutions
JULIAN STEWARD
- was a sociologist associated with the
University of Chicago. - believed human ecology to be
concerned with the process of spatial
grouping of interacting human beings or
of interrelated human institutions
RODERICK D. McKENZIE
was a landscape architect and writer on
regional planning using natural systems.
He was the founder of the department of
landscape architecture at the University
of Pennsylvania in the United States. His
1969 book Design with Nature pioneered
the concept of ecological planning.
IAN McHARG
an urban systems ecologist at the Chinese
Academy of Sciences, defines human ecology, in Chinese terms as the science of the living state or dynamics of the human being, driven by objective
and subjective factors.
RUSON WANG
- generally known as a British anthropologist,
contributed to human ecology in the realm of the ecology of mind. - He was opposed to the way scientists try to reduce everything to matter; his goal was to reintroduce the mind into the equation. He emphasized the importance of looking at the world not just though reductionist logic, but to understand the connections in the “pattern which connects” all of our minds through stories.
GREGORY BATESON
Human ecological concepts
come from ecology
- Interaction
- Levels of Integration
- Functionalism
- DIversity and Stability
- Systems Analysis
- Spatial Analysis
- Gestalt Perspective
- as an assumption that everything
interacts with other things and a
basis for all further analysis. - is a function of scale,
but should be extended to be a
function of diversity and
complexity.
INTERACTION
is the concept that entities are
organized on levels of different
scale for better analysis, for
example from the level of the
molecule, the individual, the family,
the community, the population, the
biosphere, or the universe.
LEVELS OF INTEGRATION
- People’s perception of a complex world is a function of their ability to be able to
comprehend beyond the immediate, both in time and in space. - This concept manifested
in the popular slogan promoting
sustainability: “think global, act local.”
Moreover, people’s conception of
community stems from not only their physical location but their mental and emotional connections and varies from “community as place, community as way of life, or community of collective action.”
FUNCTIONALISM
are contentious topics in ecology;
current research shows that
ecosystems are less stable than
originally thought and high diversity
does not immediately translate into
high stability. These have not often
been applied to human ecology.
DIVERSITY AND STABILITY
one way to understand human
ecology, however many topics are
more complex and it is important to
realize that systems analysis is only one
way to understand them and fairly
simplified. Most systems are not closed
and therefore require simplification in
order to study them.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
is essential to
human ecology because
many of the problems of
relations between humans
and their environments are
physical.
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
is important to human ecology because it
recognizes that we can gain understanding of a system by looking at it as a whole.
GESTALT PERSPECTIVE
Studies focusing on one specific area.
Most institutions of higher learning
award degrees based on
monodisciplinary majors intended to
prepare students for work in a specific
discipline.
MONODISCIPLINARY
A variety of subjects studied
concurrently. A liberal arts degree
requires students to study a variety of
subjects to prepare them to be effective
citizens in a complex society.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY
Integration between disciplines. A
human ecological education integrates
ideas from different disciplines to better
addressing complex problems dealing
with human/environment (whether
social, physical, or mental) interactions
INTERDISCIPLINARY
A perspective that transcends
disciplines. A human ecological
education goes beyond integrating
different disciplines, creating a
worldview that assumes an inherent
connectivity when better addressing
problems relating to human/
environment interactions, but still
relying on solid disciplinary
foundation.
TRANSDISCIPLINARY
What are different types of disciplinaries?
- MONODISCIPLINARY
- MULTIDISCIPLINARY
- INTERDISCIPLINARY
- TRANSDISCIPLINARY
