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BSN Subjs, Pre Lim > HUMAN REPRODUCTION L1 > Flashcards

HUMAN REPRODUCTION L1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the symptoms of amoebiasis?

A

Abdominal cramps
* Diarrhea
* Fatigue
* Excess gas
* Rectal pain while having bowel movement
* Unintentional weight loss

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2
Q

A cell that has a nucleus

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

what causes amoebiasis

A

a single celled parasite called ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

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3
Q

Reproduces through binary fission (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION)

A

entamoebe histolytica
or prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

where does the parasite entamoeba histolytica live

A

in the gut of infected people

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5
Q

where can entamoebe histolytica pass through

A

water and feces

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6
Q

how long can entamoeba histolytica live

A

weeks (sometimes even months) in soil, fertilizer, or water contaminated with infected feces

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7
Q

what can entamoeba histolytica do

A

Can cause inflammation of the lining of your intestines

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8
Q

what are the symptoms of the invation of your bloodstreams and liver

A

(symptoms: upper abdominal pain, your skin and the whites of your eyes become yellow, your liver becomes enlarged)

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8
Q

what are the symptoms of the inflammation of the intestines

A

(symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, high temperature fever)

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction (no sex cells involved, only the separation of the body into two new bodies. what is this?

A

binary fission

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10
Q

how can you get amoebiasis?

A

When you drink water contaminated by infected feces
* When you eat food prepared or washed using contaminated
water
* When you don’t wash your hands
* Sexual transmission is also possible (especially in men who have sex with men, ANAL SEX)

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11
Q

what is the treatment of amoebiasis?

A
  • Medication to kill the parasite
  • Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration due to diarrhea
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12
Q

what are the 2 types of cells?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

Cells with true nucleus
Nucleus is membrane-bound containing multiple chromatin

A

eukaryotic cell

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13
Q

Common unit of measure in the study of cells:

A

micrometer (1 um =
1/1,000,000 meter

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13
Q

Cells without a true nucleus
“Nucleoid” contains single chromosome

A

prokaryotic cell

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14
Q

what is the smallest cell

A

a bacterium called mycoplasma gallicepticum. 0.0001 mm.

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14
Q

who were the 3 German scientist that formed the cell theory?

A
  1. theodor schwann
  2. matthias schleiden
  3. rudolph virchow
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14
Q

what are the 6 cell theories?

A
  1. all cells came from pre existing cells
  2. all living organisms are made up of cells
  3. cells are the basic unit of life
  4. hereditary information is passed from one cell to another during cell division
  5. All cells are the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species
  6. energy flows occurs within cells
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15
Q

The “skin” of the cell

A

Cell/Plasma membrane

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16
Q

Contains the organelles; where most cellular activities take place

A

cytoplasm

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16
Q

A living double layer of proteins and carbohydrates

A

cell membrane

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16
Q

Contains the genetic material (DNA)

A

nucleus

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17
Q

Separates the cell membrane from its external environment

A

cell membrane

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18
Q

Regulates the entry and exit of materials in the cell

A

cell membrane

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19
Q

Regulates the entry and exit of materials in the cell

A

cell membrane

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19
Q

Protein factories of the cell: spherical bodies that produce and assemble proteins

A

ribosome

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20
Q

May be found individually in the cytoplasm or line the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

ribosome

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20
Q

Membrane-enclosed spaces for storage of materials such as food, water, sugar, minerals, and waste products

A

vacuole

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20
Q

Double-membrane organelles, with a smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane As the “powerhouse” of the cell

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

it is the site of cellular aerobic respiration breaking down of food molecules and turning it into energy that cells can use in order to perform life functions)

A

mitochondria

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21
Q

are numerous and short; flagella are few

A

cilia

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21
Q

Hair-like organelles used

A

cilia and flagella

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22
Q

Why do cells divide? may 3 give 1

A
  1. Growth and Development: organisms grow not because cells are getting larger, but because cells are dividing to produce more and more cells
  2. Repair of damaged body parts: replacing old, dead, or damaged cells
  3. Production of reproductive cells
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22
Q

for locomotion of the cell

A

figalus

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22
Q

How do cells know when to divide?

A

Using chemical signals from special proteins called cyclins
V Cyclins tell cells when to start dividing and later when to stop dividing

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22
Q

10 cells in the human body

A

pancreas, bone, blood, lung, egg, bone, kidney, muscle, brain, liver

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22
Q

when a cell cannot stop dividing

A

cancer

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23
Q

we lose how many dead skins every minute?

A

30,000 to 40,000

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24
Q

Two stages of cell cycle

A

interphase, cell division

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24
Q

non-dividing stage of the cell

A

interphase

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25
Q

A cycle of alternating stages of division and rest from division of a cell

A

Cell Cycle

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26
Q

dividing stage of the cell

A

cell division

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27
Q
A
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28
Q

interphase stage for for DNA replication

A

S

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28
Q

what are the 3 stages of interphase

A

*G1 - for growth and normal metabolic roles
*S - for DNA replication
*G2 -for growth and preparation for mitosis

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29
Q

*Longest stage of the cell cycle
* Devoted for cell growth
* Cell s metabolically active
* Nutrition
* Respiration
* Biosynthesis

A

Interphase

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30
Q

interphase stage for for growth and normal metabolic roles

A

G1

31
Q

interphase stage for for growth and preparation for mitosis

A

G2

32
Q

*The cell grows; the cell increases in size in preparation for cell division
* Building of new protoplasm and organelles
* RNA and protein synthesis
* Enzymes necessary for DNA synthesis are synthesized

A

GAP 1 Phase (G, phase)

33
Q

Quiescent stage
* Cells are not able to move to the S phase
* Cells are unable to replicate their DNA
* Cells are not prepared for division
* Damaged cells may not be able to reproduce and replace themselves (e.g. heart muscle, eye, brain)

A

gap 0 stage

33
Q

Period during which DNA and chromosomes are duplicated
* Formation of double stranded chromosomes (sister chromatids)
* RNA and protein synthesis continue
* Synthesis of histone and other proteins necessary to maintain DNA synthesis occur
* Centriole production begins (in animal cells)

A

Synthesis Phase (S Phase)

33
Q

Post-synthesis interphase
* Period when the cell synthesizes proteins and continues to increase in size,
* Completion of DNA synthesis and replication
* Continuation of RNA and protein synthesis
* Prepares the cell to undergo mitosis

A

GAP 2 Phase (G, phase)

34
Q

*The nucleus is clearly visible with one or more distinct nucleoli
* Chromosomes appear as irregular granules and cannot be recognized

A

interphase

35
Q
  • Division of cytoplasm
    *Production of daughter cells
A

cytokinesis

36
Q

where do Cell Plate (in plant cell) Cleavage Furrow (in animal cell)

A

cytokinesis

37
Q

Somatic cell division
* Production of two daughter cells with the same quantity and quality of chromosomes as the parent cell
* Involves karyokinesis followed by cytokinesis

A

mitosis

37
Q

containing the haploid number (n) of chromosomes - divide by meiosis

A

sex cells

37
Q

Pair of centrioles begins to organize spindle fibers.
2. Sister chromatids are formed with a centromere as their point of attachment.

A

middle prophase

37
Q
  1. Centromeres have divided and begin moving toward the opposite poles of spindles.
  2. Chromosomes start to move toward poles seemingly being pulled by the thread or fibers.
A

early anaphase

37
Q

Centrioles are moving apart.
2. Chromosomes appear as long thin threads.
3. Nucleolus is becoming less distinct.
4. Nuclear membrane is still visible.
5. Asters are formed

A

early prophase

37
Q

all body cells except the sex cells, and containing diploid (2n) number of chromosomes - divide by mitosis

A

somatic cells

38
Q

Centrioles are nearly at the opposite sides of the nucleus
2. Spindle fibers are nearly complete.
3. Nuclear membrane is slowly disintegrating.
4. Chromosomes move toward the equator.
5. Nucleolus is no longer visible

A

late prophase

38
Q

Nuclear membrane has completely disappeared.
2. Centromere of each double stranded chromosome is attached to a spindle fibril at the equator.
3. Centrioles are already at the opposite ends of the poles

A

METAPHASE

38
Q

Nuclear membranes are complete in both cells.
2. Chromosomes are no longer visible.
3. Cytokinesis is complete.
4. Two new daughter cells are formed, each with a complete set of materials as the parent cell.

A

interphase with 2 cells

39
Q

New nuclear membranes are forming in each new cell.
2. Chromosomes become longer, thinner, and less distinct.
3. Nucleolus is reappearing.
4. Centrioles are replicated.
5. Cytokinesis is nearly complete.
6. Spindle fibers and asters disappear.
7. The cleavage furrow deepens and finally divides into two parts.

A

telophase

39
Q

The two sets of new, single stranded chromosomes start to go near their respective poles.
2. Cytokinesis begins./
3. Slight cleavage furrow on cell membrane begins to form in the region of the equator.

A

late anaphase

40
Q

How often do cells divide?

A

Some cells complete 1 cycle within 24 hrs
Apical meristem of onion root - every 20 hrs.
4. Epithelial cells of intestine - once every 10 hrs.

40
Q

Some cells divide too fast (cancerous growth!!!)
2. Some cells may divide too slowly (wounds may take a while to heal; damaged tissues are not repaired soon enough!!!)
3. Some cells cease to divide (damaged cells are not replaced!!!)
4. Old cells suffer from complete failure of division

A

cell division goes wrong

40
Q
  • Cells that contain only 1 set of chromosomes
  • Symbol : n
  • Ex. sperm and egg cell
A

HAPLOID CELL

41
Q

Cells that contain two sets of chromosomes
* Symbol: 2n
* Ex. somatic cells

A

DIPLOID CELL

42
Q
  • region in the chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined
  • Where spindle microtubules or fibers attach to the chromosome during cell division
A

CENTROMERE

42
Q

pair of structures in an animal cell involved in cell division
* involved in the formation of spindle fibers

A

CENTRIOLES

43
Q

network of fine fibers that provide structural
support for eukaryotic
cell

A

CYTOSKELETON

44
Q

Microtubule

A

thickest

45
Q

Sex cell division
* A process that produces four daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

MEIOSIS

46
Q

Also called as reduction division

A

MEIOSIS

47
Q

formation and maturation of sperms

A

Spermatogenesis

47
Q
  • Diakinesis
  • Coiling and contraction of the chromosomes continue
  • The tetrads migrate close to the nuclear membrane
  • The nucleolus disappear and the nuclear membrane begins to breakdown
  • Spindle fibers begins to form
A

PROPHASE I

47
Q

Tetrads tend to repel each other
* Crossing-over have taken place
* Chiasma become distinct

A

Diplonema

48
Q

takes place
Crossing over - a series of
exchange of genetic material between the specific regions of the homologous chromosomes

A

crossing over

48
Q

Also known as Reduction Division;
* reduction of chromosome number
* Reduces the number of chromosomes into haploid

A

meiosis

48
Q

formation and maturation of egg cells

A

oogenesis

49
Q
  • replicated chromosomes appear as long slender threads
A

Leptonema

49
Q

synapsis occurs
* Synapsis → pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

Zygonema

49
Q

pair of homologous Chromosomes

A

Tetrad

49
Q

chromosomes continue to become shorter and thicker

A

Pachynema

49
Q

occupies the longest
* duration of meiosis
* subdivided into 5 stages

A

prophase 1

50
Q

The spindle fibers move the tetrads apart pulling the chromosomes toward the opposite sides of the cell.
* The whole chromosomes from each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles of the cell.
* The centromeres of each chromosome do not divide.
* The chromatids (dyads) remain attached at their respective centromere
* Dyads - double stranded chromosome

A

ANAPHASE I

50
Q

Synapsed homologous chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell
* Spindle fibers are completely formed and attached to the chromatids near the centrioles
* Spindle fibers move the tetrads and they line up in a plane halfway between the two centrioles in the equator of the cell.

A

METAPHASE I

50
Q

The dyads reach the poles of the cell
* New nuclear membrane may form
* Cytokinesis completed resulting into 2 daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes
* End of the first meiotic division

A

TELOPHASE I

50
Q

a period of growth
* similar to interphase, but the chromosomes do not duplicate
* the chromosomes are in their duplicated form

A

INTERKINESIS

51
Q

The centrioles radiate spindle fibers as they move to the opposite sides of the cell
* The dyads become thicker and shorter

A

PROPHASE II

51
Q

double stranded chromosome

A

Dyads

51
Q

The centromeres of each dyad are directed to the equator of the cell
* The dyads with their centromeres attached to spindle fibers, align at the center of the cell

A

METAPHASE Il

52
Q

Deals with the separation of the two chromatids in a chromosome
* Similar to the events in mitosis

A

MEIOSIS II

53
Q
  • The centromeres divide and the chromatids or single stranded chromosomes (monads) are pulled by spindle fibers toward the opposite poles
A

ANAPHASE II

54
Q

The monads reach the poles of the cell
* Spindle fibers disappear and the nuclear membrane and nucleoli reform
* Cytokinesis occurs resulting to four daughter cells with the same haploid number of chromosomes
* The chromosomes uncoil and become thinner and visible again.

A

TELOPHASE II

55
Q
A
55
Q
  • Division of the cytoplasm
A

CYTOKINESIS II

56
Q
A
56
Q
A
56
Q
A
56
Q
A
57
Q

Large fluid filled vacuole

A

Central vacuole

58
Q

Large fluid filled vacuole

A

Central vacuole

59
Q

Cell in plants that stores food and wastes

A

Central vacuole

60
Q

Cell in plants that stores food and wastes

A

Central vacuole

61
Q

I

A
62
Q

I

A
63
Q

Provides proper pressure within plant cells to provide structure and support for growing plant

A

Central vacuole

64
Q

Provides proper pressure within plant cells to provide structure and support for growing plant

A

Central vacuole

65
Q

Composed of cellulose and lying outside yhe cell membrane

Provides cell with both structurak support and protection

Acts as filtering mechanism

A

Cell wall

66
Q

Composed of cellulose and lying outside yhe cell membrane

Provides cell with both structurak support and protection

Acts as filtering mechanism

A

Cell wall

67
Q

Double membrane organelle

Site of photosynthesis

Food factory of the cell

Contains chlorophyl

A

Chloroolast

68
Q

Double membrane organelle

Site of photosynthesis

Food factory of the cell

Contains chlorophyl

A

Chloroolast

69
Q

Molecule that absorbs sunlight and uses it to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2(carbon dioxide) and water

A

Chlorophyl

70
Q

Molecule that absorbs sunlight and uses it to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2(carbon dioxide) and water

A

Chlorophyl

71
Q

Molecule that absorbs sunlight and uses it to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2(carbon dioxide) and water

A

Chlorophyl

BSN Subjs, Pre Lim (6 decks)

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