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BSN Subjs, Pre Lim > BIOCHEM L1 > Flashcards

BIOCHEM L1 Flashcards

1
Q

anything that has mass and occupies space;
can exist in three states: solid, liquid, or gas

A

MATTER

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2
Q

study of matter and its interactions

A

CHEMISTRY

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3
Q

Made up of even smaller
structures called subatomic
particles

A

ATOM

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3
Q

smallest unit of matter that retains original
properties

A

ATOM

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4
Q

found in central core
of atom (atomic nucleus); positively
charged

A

protons

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5
Q

Subatomic particles exist in 3 forms: what are these?

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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6
Q

found in atomic
nucleus; slightly larger than protons;
no charge

A

neutrons

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7
Q

– found outside atomic
nucleus; negatively charged

A

electrons

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8
Q

regions
surrounding atomic nucleus
where electrons exist; each can
hold a certain number of electrons

A

electron shells

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9
Q

1st electron shell can hold how many electrons?

A

can
hold 2 electrons

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10
Q

2nd electron shell can hold how many electrons?

A

can hold 8 electrons

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11
Q

3rd electron shell can hold how many electrons?

A

can hold 18 electrons but “satisfied” with 8

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12
Q

Each BLANK is made of atoms with same number
of proton

A

element

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13
Q

The human body is made up of four major elements: QHAT ARE THESE 4 ELEMENT

A
  1. hydrogen
  2. oxygen
  3. carbon
  4. nitrogen
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14
Q

equal to sum of all protons and
neutrons found in atomic nucleus

A

mass number

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14
Q

atom with same atomic number (same number
of protons), but different mass number (different
number of neutrons

A

isotope

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15
Q

unstable isotopes; high energy or
radiation released by radioactive decay; allows isotope
to assume a more stable form

A

radioisoitopes

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15
Q

There are 3 basic types of mixtures

A

suspensions,
colloids, and solutions

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15
Q

mixture containing two or more
components with large, unevenly distributed
particles; will settle out when left undisturbed

A

suspension

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16
Q

– two or more components with small,
evenly distributed particles; will not settle out

A

Colloids

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16
Q

two or more components with extremely
small, evenly distributed particles; will not settle out;
contain a solute dissolved in a solvent:

A

solutions

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17
Q

substance that is
dissolved

A

solute

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18
Q

substance that
dissolves solute

A

solvent

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19
Q

is not a physical structure but rather
an energy relationship or attractive force between
atoms

A

chemical bond

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20
Q

very large molecules composed
of many atoms

A

macromolecule

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21
Q

represent molecules
symbolically with letters and numbers; show kinds
and numbers of atoms in a molecule

A

molecular formulas

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21
Q

formed when two or more atoms
from different elements combine by chemical
bonding

A

compound

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22
Q

– formed by chemical bonding
between two or more atoms of same element

A

molecule

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23
Q

(for atoms
with 5 or fewer electrons)
states that an atom is most
stable when its valence
electron shell holds 2
electrons

A

the duet rule

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24
Q

formed when electrons are transferred
from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom; results in
formation of ions: cations and anions

A

ionic bond

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25
Q

positively charged ion; forms when metal
loses one or more electrons

A

cation

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26
Q

is a negatively charged ion that forms when a nonmetal gains one or more electrons.

A

anion

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27
Q

the strongest bond, form when two or more nonmetals share electrons between themselves.

A

covalent bonds

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28
Q

result when two nonmetals in a molecule with similar or identical electronegativities pull with the same force and share the electrons equally

A

nonpolar convalent bonds

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29
Q

form polar molecules when nonmetals with different electronegativities interact resulting in an unequal sharing of electrons.

A

polar convalent bonds

30
Q

Polar molecules with partially positive and partially negative ends are known as

A

dipoles

30
Q

occur in 3 situations:
a. The atoms sharing the electrons are of the same element.
b. The arrangement of the atoms makes one atom unable to pull more strongly than another atom.
c. The bond is between carbon and hydrogen.

A

non polar molecules

31
Q

is stored, but can be released to do work at some later time.

A

potential energy

31
Q

are weak attractions between the partially positive end of one dipole and the partially negative end of another dipole.

A

hydrogen bonds

31
Q

a series of symbols and abbreviations that is used to demonstrate what occurs in a reaction.

A

chemical notations

32
Q

release excess energy so the products have less energy than the reactants.

A

exergonic energy

32
Q

defined as the capacity to do work or put matter into motion or fuel chemical reactions.

A

energy

33
Q

found in the bonds between atoms, drives nearly all of the chemical processes in the body.

A

chemical energy

33
Q

2 types of energy

A
  1. kinetic energy
  2. potential energy
33
Q

is potential energy that has been released or set in motion to perform work. All atoms have THIS ENERGY as they are in constant motion and the faster they move the greater that energy.

A

kinetic energy

34
Q

is energy directly transferred from one object to another.

A

mechanical energy

34
Q

require the input of energy from another source and the reaction products contain more energy than the reactants because energy was invested so the reaction could proceed.

A

endergonic energy

34
Q

is generated by the movement of charged particles or ions.

A

electrical energy

35
Q

occur when one or more atoms from the reactants are exchanged for one another.

A

exchange reaction

35
Q

occur when small simple subunits and united by chemical bonds to make large more complex substances.

A

anabolic reaction

35
Q

(decomposition reactions) occur when a large substance is broken down into smaller substances.

A

catabolic reaction

36
Q

Raising the BLANK of the reactants increases the kinetic energy of their atoms leading to more forceful and effective collisions between reactants.

A

temperature reaction

36
Q

When BLANK increases, more reactant particles are present increasing the chance of successful collisions between reactants.

A

concentration reaction

36
Q

is a substance that increases the reaction rate by lowering the activation energy without being consumed or altered in the reaction.

A

catalyst

37
Q

generally do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen and include water, acids, bases, and salts.

A

inorganic compounds

38
Q

are defined as those that do contain carbon bonded to hydrogen.

A

organic compound

39
Q

makes up 60-80% of the mass of the human body and has the several key properties vital to our existence.

A

water

39
Q

is a hydrogen ion donor sometimes called a proton donor. The number of hydrogen ions increases in water when an BLANK is added.

A

acid

40
Q

When the pH = 7 the solution is BLANK where the number of hydrogen ions and base ions are equal.

A

NEUTRAL

40
Q

(alkali) is a hydrogen ion acceptor. The number of hydrogen ions decreases in water when a BLANK is added.

A

base

41
Q

A solution with a pH greater than 7 is BLANK or alkaline where base ions outnumber hydrogen ions.

A

BASIC

42
Q

A solution with a pH less than 7 is BLANK where hydrogen ions outnumber base ions.

A

ACIDIC

43
Q

refers any metal cation and nonmetal anion held together by ionic bonds. BLANK can dissolve in water to form cations and anions called electrolytes which are capable of conducting an electrical current.

A

SALT

43
Q

A BLANK is a chemical system that resists changes in pH and prevents large swings in pH when acid or base is added to a solution. This is critical for blood to maintain homeostasis within its narrow pH range.

A

BUFFER

44
Q

is an anabolic reaction that links monomers together to form a polymer and makes a molecule of water in the process.

A

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

44
Q

is a catabolic reaction that uses water to break up polymers back into smaller subunits.

A

HYDROLYSIS

44
Q

consist of many monosaccharides joined to one another by dehydration synthesis reactions.

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

45
Q

have from 3 to 7 carbons and are the monomers from which all carbohydrates are made.

A

Monosaccharides

45
Q

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, function primarily as fuel in the body with some limited structural roles.

A

CARBOHYDRATES

45
Q

a group of nonpolar hydrophobic molecules composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, include fats and oils.

A

LIPIDS

46
Q

formed by union of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

A

Disaccharides

47
Q

is the storage polymer for glucose found mostly in skeletal muscle and liver cells.

A

GLYGOGEN

48
Q

are the basic lipid monomers consisting of 4 to 20 carbon atoms which may have none, one, or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

A

FATTY ACIDS

49
Q

solid at room temperature, have no double bonds between carbon atoms so the carbons are “saturated” with the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.

A

SATURATED FATS

50
Q

generally liquid at room temperature, have one double bond between two carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

A

Monounsaturated fatty acids

51
Q

liquid at room temperature, have two or more separate double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids,

52
Q

are composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid “tails” and one phosphate group, “head” in place of the third fatty acid.

A

Phospholipids

53
Q

Three fatty acids dehydration synthesis to a modified 3-carbon carbohydrate, glycerol, form a triglyceride, the storage polymer for fatty acids also called a

A

NEUTRAL FAT

54
Q

are nonpolar and share a four-ring hydrocarbon structure called the steroid nucleus. Cholesterol is the steroid that forms the basis for all the other steroids in the body.

A

steroid

55
Q

are macromolecules that function as enzymes, play structural roles, are involved in movement, function in the body’s defenses, and can be used as fuel.

A

proteins

56
Q

are spherical or globe-like composed mostly of polar amino acids and function as enzymes, hormones, and other cell messengers.

A

Globular proteins

56
Q

are formed when two or more amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds as a result of dehydration synthesis.

A

peptide

56
Q

consist of two amino acids, tripeptides three amino acids, and Polypeptides contain 10 or more amino acids.

A

dipeptides

56
Q

is the process of destroying a protein’s shape in one of several ways, heat, pH changes, and exposure to chemicals. Any one of these disrupts the hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions that stabilize the protein and hence the proteins function

A

Protein denaturation

56
Q

consist of one or more polypeptide chains folded into distinct structures which must be maintained to be functional.

A

Proteins

56
Q

are long strands or rope-like composed mostly of nonpolar amino acids that link things together and add strength and durability to the structures where they are found.

A

fibrous proteins

BSN Subjs, Pre Lim (6 decks)

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