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Biology > Human Repoduction > Flashcards

Human Repoduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Testes

A

Where sperm are formed and testosterone is produced

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2
Q

Scrotum

A

Holds tests outside the body as the optimum temperature of sperm production is 34C whereas core temperature is 37C

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3
Q

Prostate gland

A

Produces alkaline liquids which helps sperm survive acidic conditions in vagina. (Secreted into sperm duct)

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4
Q

Urethra

A

Tube through which sperm (and urine) leave the penis

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5
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Provides fluid rich in fructose for energy and also containing protective mucus.

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6
Q

Erectile tissues

A

Fills with blood during an erection, causes penis to stiffen in order of be inserted into the vagina during sexual intercourse

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7
Q

Sperm duct

A

Tube which connects the tests to the urethra and through which mature sperm travel

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8
Q

Ovary

A

Structure in which ova develop in structures called follicles. (They secrete oestrogen at different points during the menstrual cycle)

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9
Q

Oviduct

A

Tube through which ova travel to reach the uterus. Fertilisation usually happens here

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10
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular wall into which the blastocyst (the early embryo) implants after fertilisation. Placenta attaches to this. Contracts during childbirth to push baby (and afterbirth) out. Lining is shed each month.

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11
Q

Cervix

A

A narrowing of the uterus which leads to the vagina. Enlarges greatly during labour to allow passage of the fetus.

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12
Q

Vagina

A

Passageway leading from the uterus to the outside. Sperm is deposited here during copulation and the fetus is born through it

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13
Q

Sperm

A

-Male gamete
-has an acrosome head with enzymes to penetrate the ovum.
-Contains many mitochondria to release energy for movement

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14
Q

Ovum

A

-female gamete
-has a large cytoplasm as a food store for the developing embryo

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15
Q

Puberty

A

The period at which reproductive organs and secondary characteristics develop.

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16
Q

Penis

A

Penis structure which transfers sperm from male to female during sexual intercourse

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17
Q

corpus Iuteum

A

-the body left behind in the ovary after ovulation

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18
Q

Female exclusive secondary sexual characteristics

A

-beginning of menstruation
-increase in body mass(rounded hips)
-breast development

19
Q

Male exclusive secondary sexual characteristics

A

-growth of facial and body hair
-sperm production starts
-growth of penis and testes
-muscle development
-breaking of the voice

20
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics that develop for male and female

A

-growth and development of sexual organ
-development of sexual drive
-growth of armpit and pubic hair
-deepening voice

21
Q

What is the menstrual cycle

A

A recurring process which takes around 28 days. During the process, the lining of the uterus is prepared for pregnancy

22
Q

Menstruation

A

Shedding of the uterus lining if the implantation of the fertilised egg into the uterus lining does not happen

23
Q

what happens if the ovum is not fertilised by sperm

A

-the ovum breaks up and passes out of the vagina
-shedding of the uterus lining

24
Q

what happens if the ovum is fertilised by sperm

A

-the ovum starts to divide
-new cells travel down the fallopian tube to the uterus and attach to the endometrium
-fertilised ovum develops into an embryo

25
Q

4 hormones that control the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  2. Luteinising hormone (LH)
  3. Oestrogen
  4. Progesterone
26
Q

Ovulation

A

The release of a mature egg cell(ovum) into the oviduct,

27
Q

Menstruation

A

the breakdown and shedding of uterus lining in preparation for a new egg cell

28
Q

Where is FSH produced

A

-released from pituitary gland

29
Q

what does FSH do

A

-causes an egg cell in the ovary to mature
-stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

30
Q

what does oestrogen do

A

-this causes thickening of the uterus lining, stimulate secretion of LH

31
Q

where is oestrogen produced and why

A

-the ovaries (follicle)
-in response to FSH

32
Q

what does LH does do

A

stimulates ovulation (release of an egg at day 14)

33
Q

where is LH produced

A

-produced by the pituitary gland

34
Q

where is progesterone produced

A

-in the ovaries by the corpus iuteum

35
Q

what does progesterone do

A

-maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle; lining break downs when progesterone levels fall
-inhibits release of LH and FSH (to prevent ovulation happening again)

36
Q

what happens after an ovum has been fertilised

A

it develops into an embryo and implants in the uterus (called a fetus in the later stages of pregnancy)

37
Q

when does the placenta develop

A

-once an embryo has implanted

38
Q

what does the placenta do

A

-lets the blood of the embryo and mother get very close to allow the exchange of food, oxygen and waste (diffusion for oxygen and waste products

39
Q

how is the placenta connected to the embryo

A

-umbilical cord

40
Q

what is in the umbilical cord

A

-arteries and veins

41
Q

maternal sinus

A

-spaces of maternal blood that is involved in the transfer of substances between itself and the chorionic villi

42
Q

chorionic villi

A

-structures belonging in the embryo that is involved in the transfer of substances between itself and the maternal sinus
-it is implanted into the uterus wall

43
Q

amnion membrane

A

-surrounds the embryo and secretes amniotic fluid
-ruptures during child birth and releases the fluid (water breaks)

44
Q

amniotic fluid

A

-fluid that protects the fetus against jolts and bumps

Biology (14 decks)

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