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Biology - 9 > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a diet

A

Food consumed by organism

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2
Q

Name all six types of required nutrients

A

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Water, Minerals, Vitamins

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3
Q

What is a balanced diet

A

A diet consumed by organisms where nutrients are taken in through suitable proportions and required energy needs are met.

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4
Q

What are carbohydrates needed for

A

To create energy
Excess - stored as fats

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5
Q

Name 4 uses of fats and oils

A

-> Creates cell membrane
-> Insulation
-> Mechanical protection
->Provides energy

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6
Q

Name four functions of proteins

A

-> Creates cells
-> Provides insulin
-> Provides Haemoglobin
-> Creates antibodies

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7
Q

Why is vitamin C needed

A

To produce collagen

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8
Q

What is the deficiency for vitamin D + symptoms

A

Rickets - Soft bones

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9
Q

What is Vitamin D needed for

A

Strong, hard bones

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10
Q

What is the deficiency for vitamin C + symptoms

A

Scurvy - Joint pain

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11
Q

What is calcium needed for

A

Strong bones, Blood clotting

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12
Q

What is the deficiency of calcium

A

Poor blood clotting

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13
Q

What is Iron needed for

A

Production of haemoglobin

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14
Q

Deficiency disease of Iron + symptoms

A

Anemia - Lack of oxygen in the body

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15
Q

Whart is peristalisis

A

Rythmic muscular contractions in the alimentary canal that allow for food to be passed through

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16
Q

Why is fibre needed in the alimentary canal

A

To stimulate the muscles and allow for peristalsis to occur

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17
Q

5 functions of water

A
  • Removal of toxic wastes
  • Metabolic reactions
  • Prevents cells from drying out
  • Makes up plasma
  • Present in between cells
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18
Q

What is the digestive system

A

System of organs that perform the digestion of food

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19
Q

What is ingestion

A

Taking in of nutrients as food

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20
Q

What is physical digestion

A

Breaking down small pieces of food into smaller pieces

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21
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Breaking down small molecules into smaller molecules

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22
Q

What is absorption

A

Nutrients passing from the villi of the small intestine into the blood

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23
Q

What is assimilation

A

The usage of the nutrients in the blood for energy and for production of new substances

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24
Q

What is egestion

A

The removal of excess undigested food + fibres

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25
Q

What are sphincter muscles

A

Muscles that separate the organs in the alimentary canal which stops food from going from one part to another

26
Q

Ehat is the alimentary canal lubricated with

A

Mucus

27
Q

Where are goblet cells found and what do they secrete

A

Line the alimentary canal and secrete mucus

28
Q

What makes up saliva and what do they do ?

A

-> Water - dissolves the food
-> Mucus - Lubricates the food/makes it into a ball
-> Amylase - Breaks down Starch into maltose

29
Q

What is a lumen

A

A hole or smn

30
Q

How does the stomach mix foods with mucus and enzymes

A

through contractions

31
Q

What is the pH of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and why is it that way?

A

pH - 2
Since it is optimum for the enzymes, and kills microorganisms

32
Q

How long does the stomach hold food for

A

2 hours

33
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

5 metres

34
Q

What are the first and last parts of the small intestine called, respectively

A

First - Duodenum
Second - Ileum

35
Q

Function of the duodenum

A

Uses pancreatic juice + bile to break down food (digestion)

36
Q

Function of the ileum

A

Absorbs nutrients found in food and a little bit of water

37
Q

What is the large intestine made up of

A

Colon, Rectum

38
Q

Function of the colon

A

Absorbs water from digested food

39
Q

Function of the rectum

A

Stores undigested food + fibres until it is egested through the anus

40
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Produces pancreatic juice which is made up of enzymes. These enzymes digest food in the duodenum

41
Q

Function of the liver

A

Produces a green alkaline solution called bile which emulsifies fat and neutralizes the stomach acid

42
Q

Which organs conduct physical digestion

A

Teeth, Churning of the stomach

43
Q

How does mechanical digestion occur

A

The teeth and stomach break down the larger pieces of food into smaller ones

44
Q

How do teeth help with digestion

A

They increase the surface area of the food so that the enzymes can react faster

45
Q

What is the enamel

A

Hardest substance that covers the surface of the teeth

46
Q

What is the dentine

A

Stores living cytoplasm

47
Q

What is the pulp

A

Produces cytoplasm, has network of arteries

48
Q

What is the cement

A

COnnects the teeth to the gum

49
Q

What do incisors and canines perform

A

Biting, Tearing

50
Q

What do premolars and molars perform

A

Chewing, grinding

51
Q

How many of each teeth are present in the jaws

A

Incissors - 8
Canines - 4
Premolars - 8
Molars - 12

52
Q

Where does starch break down

A

In the mouth

53
Q

Where does maltose break down

A

In the duodenum (maltase is secreted by the epithelium)

54
Q

What is the final form of starch

A

Glucose

55
Q

What is the protease secreted by the stomach called

A

Pepsin

56
Q

What is the protease secreted by the pancreas

A

Trypsin

57
Q

Explain emulsification - bile

A

Emulsification is when the bile dissolves the fats and lipid droplets into smaller drops. This increases their surface area and makes them soluble in water

58
Q

Is emulsification physical or chemical digestion

A

Physical Digestion

59
Q

What are villi

A

Projections on the small intestine

60
Q

What are microvilli

A

Folds on top of the villi

61
Q

WHere do these substances that are absored go

A

Through the hepatic portal vein that carries them to the liver
Lipids - carried through the lacteals(eventually reaches the blood)

62
Q

How do the villi and microvilli increase the rate of absorption

A

They increase the surface area of the aborption process

Biology - 9 (11 decks)

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