- Removal of toxic wastes - Metabolic reactions - Prevents cells from drying out - Makes up plasma - Present in between cells

Human Nutrition Flashcards by Sindhu Yerrapragada

What is a diet

Food consumed by organism

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Name all six types of required nutrients

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, Water, Minerals, Vitamins

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What is a balanced diet

A diet consumed by organisms where nutrients are taken in through suitable proportions and required energy needs are met.

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What are carbohydrates needed for

To create energy
Excess - stored as fats

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Name 4 uses of fats and oils

-> Creates cell membrane
-> Insulation
-> Mechanical protection
->Provides energy

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Name four functions of proteins

-> Creates cells
-> Provides insulin
-> Provides Haemoglobin
-> Creates antibodies

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Why is vitamin C needed

To produce collagen

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What is the deficiency for vitamin D + symptoms

Rickets - Soft bones

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What is Vitamin D needed for

Strong, hard bones

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What is the deficiency for vitamin C + symptoms

Scurvy - Joint pain

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What is calcium needed for

Strong bones, Blood clotting

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What is the deficiency of calcium

Poor blood clotting

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What is Iron needed for

Production of haemoglobin

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Deficiency disease of Iron + symptoms

Anemia - Lack of oxygen in the body

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Whart is peristalisis

Rythmic muscular contractions in the alimentary canal that allow for food to be passed through

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Why is fibre needed in the alimentary canal

To stimulate the muscles and allow for peristalsis to occur

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5 functions of water

Removal of toxic wastes
Metabolic reactions
Prevents cells from drying out
Makes up plasma
Present in between cells

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What is the digestive system

System of organs that perform the digestion of food

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What is ingestion

Taking in of nutrients as food

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What is physical digestion

Breaking down small pieces of food into smaller pieces

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What is chemical digestion

Breaking down small molecules into smaller molecules

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What is absorption

Nutrients passing from the villi of the small intestine into the blood

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What is assimilation

The usage of the nutrients in the blood for energy and for production of new substances

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What is egestion

The removal of excess undigested food + fibres

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What are sphincter muscles

Muscles that separate the organs in the alimentary canal which stops food from going from one part to another

Ehat is the alimentary canal lubricated with

Mucus

Where are goblet cells found and what do they secrete

Line the alimentary canal and secrete mucus

What makes up saliva and what do they do ?

-> Water - dissolves the food -> Mucus - Lubricates the food/makes it into a ball -> Amylase - Breaks down Starch into maltose

What is a lumen

A hole or smn

How does the stomach mix foods with mucus and enzymes

through contractions

What is the pH of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and why is it that way?

pH - 2 Since it is optimum for the enzymes, and kills microorganisms

How long does the stomach hold food for

2 hours

How long is the small intestine

5 metres

What are the first and last parts of the small intestine called, respectively

First - Duodenum Second - Ileum

Function of the duodenum

Uses pancreatic juice + bile to break down food (digestion)

Function of the ileum

Absorbs nutrients found in food and a little bit of water

What is the large intestine made up of

Colon, Rectum

Function of the colon

Absorbs water from digested food

Function of the rectum

Stores undigested food + fibres until it is egested through the anus

Function of the pancreas

Produces pancreatic juice which is made up of enzymes. These enzymes digest food in the duodenum

Function of the liver

Produces a green alkaline solution called bile which emulsifies fat and neutralizes the stomach acid

Which organs conduct physical digestion

Teeth, Churning of the stomach

How does mechanical digestion occur

The teeth and stomach break down the larger pieces of food into smaller ones

How do teeth help with digestion

They increase the surface area of the food so that the enzymes can react faster

What is the enamel

Hardest substance that covers the surface of the teeth

What is the dentine

Stores living cytoplasm

What is the pulp

Produces cytoplasm, has network of arteries

What is the cement

COnnects the teeth to the gum

What do incisors and canines perform

Biting, Tearing

What do premolars and molars perform

Chewing, grinding

How many of each teeth are present in the jaws

Incissors - 8 Canines - 4 Premolars - 8 Molars - 12

Where does starch break down

In the mouth

Where does maltose break down

In the duodenum (maltase is secreted by the epithelium)

What is the final form of starch

Glucose

What is the protease secreted by the stomach called

Pepsin

What is the protease secreted by the pancreas

Trypsin

Explain emulsification - bile

Emulsification is when the bile dissolves the fats and lipid droplets into smaller drops. This increases their surface area and makes them soluble in water

Is emulsification physical or chemical digestion

Physical Digestion

What are villi

Projections on the small intestine

What are microvilli

Folds on top of the villi

WHere do these substances that are absored go

Through the hepatic portal vein that carries them to the liver Lipids - carried through the lacteals(eventually reaches the blood)

How do the villi and microvilli increase the rate of absorption

They increase the surface area of the aborption process