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Geography > Human Key Terms > Flashcards

Human Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Asylum Seekers

A

People fleeing their country of residence for international protection by another government.

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2
Q

Colonialism

A

Gaining control of another country’s politics and governance, for the benefit of the ruling state.

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3
Q

Diaspora ‘To scatter about’

A

People displaced from their homeland, voluntarily or forced.

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4
Q

Economic Theory

A

Governments will maximise ‘economic efficiency’ - a productive workforce and a developed financial market - if they allow the free movement of goods, capital and labour.

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5
Q

Embargoes

A

The limit or ban of trade between nations or participation within an IGO, often as a consequence of corruption or bad governance.

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6
Q

Failed State

A

A country of weak economic or political systems, leading to declining quality of life or conflict.

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7
Q

International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD) and World Bank Group (WBG)

A

Both offer loans and temporary financial assistance to developing countries.

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8
Q

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A

A fund of 189 member countries with the aim to aid each other to achieve financial stability and provide loans for development.

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9
Q

Nationalism

A

Populations have a sense of loyalty to their country of origin or residence, by identifying with national values and celebrating traditions or beliefs.

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10
Q

State

A

Territory that no other country has power or sovereignty of. As of 2016, the UN recognised 196 states.

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11
Q

Tax Haven

A

A location notorious for low taxes or profitable bank saving schemes, leading to an increase in offshore bank accounts here.

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12
Q

Bipolar World

A

Two superpowers exist, each with opposing ideologies.

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13
Q

Economic Alliances

A

Trade blocs that promote trade between members, offer each other financial assistance and loans and allow the migration of workers between states.

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14
Q

Emerging States

A

Countries that have quickly gained influence, developed and have notable culture. Emerging States may become superpowers in the future.

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15
Q

Frank’s Dependency Model

A

Describes neo-colonialism and how a country can gain control over a neo-colony through exploitation and economic dependency.

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16
Q

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

A

The investment of money, infrastructure or assets by a foreign government or business.

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17
Q

Human Resources

A

The available workforce and skills of the population, which can contribute to a country’s status.

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18
Q

Intellectual Property

A

The ownership of ideas and designs, such as patents and copyrights.

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19
Q

Mackinder’s Heartland Theory

A

Whoever controls the heartland (Russia, Eastern Europe and parts of South Asia) controls the majority of physical and human resources, and so will be a leading superpower.

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20
Q

Military Alliance

A

A group of states that share weapons & intelligence, offer military assistance and discuss international affairs such as terror attacks, national security, etc.

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21
Q

Multi-Polar World

A

There are several superpowers, each with a characteristic strength, competing for global influence and status.

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22
Q

Rostow’s Modernisation Theory

A

The development of a country takes five stages of growth:

Traditional Society, Pre-Conditions for Take Off, Take Off, Drive to Maturity, Mass Consumption.

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23
Q

Soft Power

A

Exerting a country’s influence over another through cultural diffusion, political reform
and FDI.

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24
Q

Spheres of Contest

A

Areas of competition for superpowers and emerging states, e.g. land ownership, intellectual property, state borders.

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25
Q

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

A

Describes the movement of raw materials and manufactured goods between the core and periphery

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26
Q

China’s Open Door Policy 1978

A

China allows foreign industry and TNCs in to promote a

modern and thriving China.

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27
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities into different cultures.

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28
Q

Cumulative Causation

A

Like a multiplier effect, “Success breeds Success”. As the core regions increase in prosperity the periphery regions will too due to their links with the core.

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29
Q

Downward Transition Zones

A

A country or city with predicted economic decline, industrial reduction or switched off from globalisation (e.g. Scotland, Turkey, Brazil)

30
Q

Globalisation

A

The growing interdependence of countries through cross-border transactions (capital, technology, migration, knowledge, culture, etc).

31
Q

Glocalisation

A

The adaptation of a good offered by a TNC to suit a local market.

32
Q

Hyper-Globaliser

A

Someone who believes that globalisation and cultural diffusion is a positive process, which will lead to the formation of a homogeneous culture (one ‘super’ global culture).

33
Q

KOF

A

Index of Globalisation which takes into account the social, economic and political globalisation of a state.

34
Q

Liberalisation

A

A reduction in government control within industry, creating opportunity for greater participation from private businesses and TNCs within an industry.

35
Q

Offshoring

A

Company moves parts of its operations to another country, often to save money.

36
Q

Outsourcing

A

A business contracts outside businesses to complete some of their work, with the aim to reduce costs.

37
Q

Potential Areas of Growth

A

Regions where future economic development are predicted due to their undeveloped resources (e.g. Canada, Qatar).

38
Q

Privatisation

A

When national public services become owned by private businesses.

39
Q

Special Economic Zones (SEZ)

A

Regions where the government offer incentives to attract industry.

40
Q

Trade Bloc

A

A group of countries that act together to promote trade and a free movement of goods/services between member states.

41
Q

Transformationalist

A

This is the belief that globalisation won’t lead to the formation of a homogeneous culture. Instead, the flow of culture is two-way.

42
Q

Upward Transition Zones

A

A country or city with predicted industrial and economic increase (e.g. Mexico, Iceland, “The Asian Tigers”).

43
Q

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

A

Members seek substantial reductions on tariffs and trade barriers and the elimination of preferences on a mutually advantageous basis.

44
Q

Administration Centre

A

Places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas.

45
Q

Amenity Value

A

The value of a resource to locals and businesses (beaches, timber, coal).

46
Q

Central Business District (CBD)

A

The centre of a city, containing a high density of businesses and TNC headquarters.

47
Q

Cultural Enrichment

A

The addition of ideas, traditions and beliefs due to the arrival of new people.

48
Q

Cultural Erosion

A

The loss of a culture, resulting in a change in ideas or disregard for traditions.

49
Q

Culture

A

The way of life of a particular group of people at a particular time, generally customs and beliefs.

50
Q

Deprivation

A

Individuals lack basic services or objects they would expect to have in the 21st Century.

51
Q

Dereliction

A

The loss of industry or productivity of a land, leaving it abandoned.

52
Q

Diversification

A

Where a company may look to offer different services or sell a wider range of products to appeal to a new target audience.

53
Q

Diversity

A

Variation within a population, in their characteristics, background and behaviour.

54
Q

Environmental Impact Assessment

A

The study of environmental impacts caused by large business projects.

55
Q

Ethnicity

A

The cultural background of a group of people, often based on religion or country of origin.

56
Q

Fertility Rate

A

The number of children born per 1000 women each year.

57
Q

Gated Communities

A

Urban neighbourhoods surrounded by gates often to improve

privacy and safety. They can add to segregation within a community.

58
Q

Gentrification

A

Renovation of older/deteriorating buildings or areas with the aim of attracting high-income individuals or elite businesses to a place.

59
Q

Idyll

A

A location with ideal living conditions and good qualities. Often based on a perception.

60
Q

Inequality

A

Differences in income, well-being and wealth between individuals, communities and society.

61
Q

Multicultural

A

The existence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single geographic area.

62
Q

Political Engagement

A

The willingness and ability of an individual to vote or join political parties or pressure groups.

63
Q

Population Density

A

The number of people per square kilometre.

Rebranding - Creating a new look or reputation for an area.

64
Q

Regional Disparity

A

The economic (or cultural) gap between different parts of a country.

65
Q

Rural-urban Continuum

A

A range of living spaces running from remotest peripheral rural villages to the CBD of the city.

66
Q

Segregation

A

The separation of a group from other groups this can be through force or voluntarily. Segregation can often occur due to housing strategies or regeneration projects.

67
Q

Sink Estates

A

Council estates that score badly on the Index of Multiple Deprivation.

68
Q

Stakeholder

A

An individual with interest and influence within their community (residents, local businesses, farmers, NGOs).

69
Q

Social Clustering

A

Groups of people with similar background frequently living together.

70
Q

Social Exclusion

A

The inability of a group of people to become involved in the cultural activities of a place.

71
Q

Urbanisation

A

An increase in the proportion of a population living within urban areas.

Geography (17 decks)

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