Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Flashcards

1
Q

How is HIV transmitted?***

A

Through contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions or breast milk**

Sexual intercourse

Exposure to HIV blood or blood products

Perinatal transmission during pregnancy at: delivery or breast feeding

After a few days post exposure they can transmit it

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2
Q

Variables that tell if infection will take place after exposure are:

A
  1. Duration and frequency of contact with organism
  2. Volume, virulence and concentration of the organism
  3. Host immune status

** concentration of virus is an important variable **

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3
Q

Where can the most HIV be found and lease be found?

A

Most in the blood and least in the semen in the beginning and end of disease

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4
Q

Most common mode of HIV transmission

A

Sexual transmission

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5
Q

What does sexual transmission involve?

A

Contact with semen, vaginal secretions and/or blood. Genital lesions, STI and sex that causes trauma to the tissues increases contraction.

During all types of intercourse the partner receiving the semen is at the greatest risk.

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6
Q

High blood transmission risk is only met if:

A

Patient with high level of circulation HIV

A deep puncture wound

A needle with a hollow bore and visible blood

A device used for venous or arterial access

A patient who digest within 60 days

Splash exposures of blood on skin with an open lesion present some risks but is much lower than from a puncture wound

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7
Q

How can mother to child transmission be reduced during pregnancy?

A

Routine HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy ART

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8
Q

When can HIV replicate?

A

When it inside a living cell

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9
Q

What is reverse transcriptase

A

An enzyme made by retroviruses. It is a strand of DNA and copies itself becoming double stranded viral DNA entering cells nucleus using another enzyme called integrase. Splicing itself becoming a permanent part of the cells genetic structure either all genetic material is replicated during cell division all daughter cells are also infected a viral DNA in the genome directs the cell to make new HIV

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10
Q

Initial HIV infection results in what? (Pathophysilogy)

A

Virginia = large amounts of virus in the blood

Followed by low HIV levels causing someone to not show clinical manifestations for up to ten years.

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11
Q

Clinical Manifestations: Acute Infection

A
Fever
Swollen lymph glands
Sore throat
Headache
Malaise
Nausea
Joint pain
Diarrhea
And/or diffuse rash often accompanies seroconversion (when HIV specific antibodies develop.

Some people develop ascetic meningitis, peripheral neuropathypathy, facial palsy or Gillian barre syndrome.

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12
Q

Clinical manifestations: acute infections

What are these symptoms called and when do they occur?

A

Acute HIV infection

Occur 2-4 weeks after initial infection and last for 1-3 weeks
During this time a high amount of HIV is circulating the body

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13
Q

Clinical Manifestation: Asymptomatic chronic HIV infection

A
Body's viral load is low
CD4T cells count is normal or decreased
Fatigue
Headache
Low-grad fever
Night sweats
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14
Q

Clinical Manifestations: Symptomatic Infection of chronic HIV infection

A
CD4T cells drop 
Viral load increases
Early stage symptoms worsen:
- persistent fever
-frequent drenching night sweats
- chronic diarrhea
- recurrent headaches
- fatigue severe nought to interrupt daily life

Other:

  • localize infection
  • lymphadenopathy
  • nervous system manifestations
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15
Q

Most common chronic HIV symptomatic infection?

Other infections that can occur at this time as well are?

A

Candidiasis or thrush***

  • shingles
  • persistent vaginal Candida’s infections
  • outbreaks of oral or genital herpes
  • bacterial infections
  • kapok I sarcoma
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16
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Oral Harry leukoplakia

A

Painless white raised lesions on the lateral aspect of the tongue which is an indication of disease progression

17
Q

What is Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

A

AIDS, made when HIV infected pt meets criteria established by the CDC

  • immune system is severity compromised
18
Q

Diagnosis of HIV infection is made by

A

Testing for HIV antibodies and or antigen in the blood. However these antibodies take several weeks after the infection to be detected/ window period.

  1. Standard antibody test - blood or oral fluid specimens sent to the lab
  2. Rapid HIV-antibody - done in the doc office or at home. Followed up by confirmation test if initial was positive
  3. Elisa - test is done first and if it is positive they confirm it with the western blot if it is negative they are retested in 3-6 months because of lag time between exposure
19
Q

Laboratory studies in HIV infection: progression is by two important lab assesments

A

CD4T cell counts = as the disease progresses this cell found decreases (800-1200)

Viral load = lower the load the less active the disease. Results reported in numbers or undetectable meaning the load is too small for the test to count.

20
Q

What abnormal test are common with HIV infection? Why are they abnormal?

A

Blood test results are abnormal:

  • decreased wbc
  • low lymphocytes and neutrophils
  • low platelets
21
Q

___ is associated with the chronic disease process and with a/e of ____.

A

Anemia/art

22
Q

Altered liver function is common and is caused by:

A

HIV infection
Drug therapy
Or co-infection with a hepatitis virus

23
Q

What are the 2 types of HIV resistance test to see how with ART will work?

A

Genotype assay - detects drug resistant viral mutations that are present in reverse transcriptase and protease genes

Phenotype assay - measures HIV growth in diff concentrations of antiretroviral drugs

These assays help theater in new drub combinations for patients who are not responding to therapy

24
Q

What is hiv?

A

A retrovirus that causes immunosuppression.