Human Growth & Development Flashcards
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are:
psychosocial
What ages does Freudian psychosexual theory cover?
In Freudian theory, the final stage (the gential stage) begins at age 12 and is said to continue through one’s lifespan. Many scholars do not feel that Freud’s theory truly covers the entire lifespan because they find it difficult to believe that a crisis at age 12 remains the central issue until senility.
What are Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages?
He has 8 stages (trust vs. mistrust, integrity vs. despair) that focus on social relationships. Each stage is seen as a psychosocial crisis or turning point. Erikson did not imply that a person either totally succeeds or fails but rather that a individual leans towards a given alternative. The stages are:
Trust vs. mistrust (correspond w/ oral-sensory - birth -1 )
Autonomy vs. shame or doubt (correspond w/anal - 1-2 yrs)
Initiative vs. guilt (genital - 3-6 yrs)
Industry vs. inferiority (latency - 7-10)
Identity vs. role confusion (adolescence 11-19)
Intimacy vs. isolation (early adulthood - 20-44)
Generativity vs. stagnation (middle adulthood, 45-64)
integrity vs. despair (late adulthood, 65+)
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages?
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
What do behaviorists believe?
Behaviorists do not believe in concepts like the id, ego, and superego. They don’t believe in mental concepts like “the mind” nor do they believe in consciousness. They feel that if things cannot be measured they do not exist.
What does “psychometric” mean?
Relating to mental testing or measurement
What does psychodiagnostic mean?
It pertains to the study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues. In counseling it can also mean that the counselor uses factors (i.e. psychosocial stages) or tests to label the client in a diagnostic category.
What is emphasized in Freud’s psychodynamic theory?
Instincts
What is Jean Piaget known for?
He is the leading name in cognitive development in children. His four-stage cognitive development theory is based on epigenesis or the notion that successfully completing a previous stage is necessay for the stages that transpire next.
What is psychopharmacology?
It studies the effects that medications or drugs have on psychological functions.
What is the ego?
The ego is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check. Simply put, ego psychologists, unlike strict Freudians, accent the ego and the power of control. Erikson stressed ego functions.
What is the id?
The id is the seat of sex and aggression. It is not rational or logical and it is void of time orientation. The id is chaotric and concerned only with the body and not with the outside world. Freud emphasized the importance of the id while Erikson stressed ego functions. The id is also called the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts.
What is the superego?
The superego refers to the moralistic and idealistic portion of the personality.
What kind of psychologist is Erik Erikson?
Ego psychologist
Who is the only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory that encompassed the entire life span?
Erik Erikson. Erikson was a disciple of Freud’s and a psychoanalyst who created a theory with 8 stages in which each stage represents a psychosicla crisis or turning point. Since the final stage doesn’t even begin until age 60, most personality theorists believe his theory actually covers the entire life of an individual.
Do psychodynamic theories focus on unconcious processes or cognitive factors?
unconscious processes
Ego psychologists believe
in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior
The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the world of
Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory
In Freudian theory, what is the relationship between the id and the ego?
In Freudian theory, the ego is known as the reality principle and is pressured by the id to succumb to pleasure or gratification regardless of consequences. Erik Erikson, an ego psychologist, would not emphasize the role of the id but rather the power of control or the ego.
Who is Arnold Lazarus?
Arnold Lazarus is considered a pioneer in the behavior therapy movement, especially in regard to the use of systematic desensitization, a technique which helps clients cope with phobias. Today his name is associated with multimodal therapy.
What is dualistic thinking
A concept stressed by Robert Perry that refers to black and white thinking with almost no ambiguity, common among teens. CStudents in this stage assume a professor has “the answer”. As they move into adulthood, they move into relativistic thinking.
What is relativistic thinking?
A step in growth from dualistic thinking. In relativistic thinking, the individual now has the ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation. Essentially, there is more than one way to view the world.
Who is Robert Kegan?
Robert Kegan Is a well-known figure in the area of adult cognitive development. His model stresses interpersonal development. His theory is billed as a “constructive model of development”, meaning individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan. He focuses on meaning making and has 6 stages in his theory.
What is the correct order of Jean Piaget’s four stages?
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations. Piaget was adamant that the order of the stages is the same for every culture, though the individual ages can vary.
(memory tip: first stages - about senses and memory. Pre-operations must come before anything operational. and last stage people get more formal as they get older)
What are idiographic approaches to theories?
Idiographic approaches to theories such as Freud and Piaget examine individuals, not groups of people, in depth. Idiographic theories can be contrasted with nomothetic approaches such as behaviorism or the DSM.
What are nomothetic approaches?
Nomothetic approaches, in contrast to idiographic approaches, are things like behaviorism or the DSM where large numbers of people are studied to create general principles that apply to the population.
Why have some behavioral scientists been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research?
His findings were often derived from observing his own children. His methods involved games and interviews, often with his own children, Lucienne, Laurent, and Jacqueline. Some researchers have been critical of his methods
What is a t test?
A t test is a parametric statistical test used in formal experiments to determine whether there is a significant difference between two groups. t is used to ascertain if the means of the group are significantly different from each other. When using the t test the groups must be normally distributed.
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
Conservation.
What does conservation refer to in Piaget’s theory?
The term conservation refers to the notion that a substance’s weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. According to Piaget, the child masters conservation and the concept of reversibility during the concrete operations stage (ages 7-11 years). Both conservation and the ability to count mentally occur in the concrete operational thought stage. (note that conservation, counting, and concrete operations all start with c!)
What is symbolic schema in Piaget’s theory?
A cognitive structure that grows with life experience. A scam is merely a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world.
What is trust vs. mistrust?
Erikson’s first psychosocial stage. This stage corresponds to Freud’s initial oral-sensory stage (about birth-1 year). Each of Erikson’s stages is described using bipolar or opposing tendencies.
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to
Volume or mass
What developmental theory does the statistical research of David Elkind support?
Piaget’s notions regarding conservation.
In Piaget’s theory of conservation, supported by the statistical research of David Elkind, what order to children learn the conservation of mass, volume, and weight?
Piaget and Elkind report that mass is the first, most easily understood concept. The mastery of weight is next and finally the notion of volume can be comprehended. (Think about MV like in MVP to remember the order…and put W for weight in the middle?)
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
Concrete operations (ages 7-11)
Which theorist expanded on Piaget’s conceptualizations of moral development?
Lawrence Kohlberg.
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget’s notions that developmental stages take place naturally. Vygotsky insisted that the stages unfold due to educational intervention.
Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?
Kohlberg, who expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development, is perhaps the leading theorist in moral development. He used stories to determine the level of moral development in children.
What does epigenetic mean and whose theories are said to be epigenetic in nature?
Epigenetic is a biological term borrowed from embryology. This principle states that each stage emerges from the one before it. The process follows a given order and is systematic. Recently the definition has focused on the fact that environmental factors can influence genetic expression. Kohlberg’s, Erikson’s, and Maslow’s theories are said to be epigenetic in nature.
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
that one can undo an action - hence, an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year old in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “the rain is following me”. This is an example of
egocentrism.
What is egocentrism in Piaget’s theory
Egocentrism, which is associated with the stage of preoperational thought conveys the fact that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else. Abstract thought does not occur until the fourth or final stage.
When does abstract thought appear in Piaget’s stages?
Abstract thought does not appear until Piaget’s fourth and final stage, formal operations.
How many levels of morality did Lawrence Kohlberg suggest?
Kohlberg’s theory has three levels of moral development: the preconventional, conventional, and post conventional (the latter is referred to in some texts as the personal integrity or morality of self-accepted principles level). Each level can be further broken down into two stages.
What is the Heinz Dilemma?
The Heinz Dilemma is one method used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the level and stage of moral development in an individual. The story goes:
“A woman in Europe was dying of cancer. Only one drug could save her. It was discovered by the local druggist. The druggist was charging $2000 which was 10x the cost to make the drug. The woman’s husband, Heinz, couldn’t raise or borrow the money. He asked the druggist to reduce the price or let him pay later but the druggist said no. The husband was desperate and broke into the store to steal the drug. Should he have done that? Why?
The person’s reason for the decision (vs. the decision itself) allowed Kohlberg to evaluate the person’s stage of moral development - the reasoning used to solve a moral dilemma could be used to assess moral development.
What is the Menninger Clinic?
A traditional psychoanalytic foothold as well as the site of landmark work in the area of biofeedback, which is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively using electronic devices.
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
Erik Erikson. Erikson felt that in an attempt to find out who they really are, adolescents will experiment with various roles.
Who is Alfred Adler ?
The founder of individual psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex.
What does “RS” refer to in our field?
RS refers to religious and spiritual. Addressing RS issues in counseling has increased in the last several years. In fact, the number of counselors who consider themselves spiritual (though not necessarily religious) is also climbing. RS factors are often examined by counselors attempting to integrate the practice of positive psychology into their work.
What is positive psychology?
The term, popularized by Abraham Maslow and popularized by Learned Helplessness Syndrome pioneer Martin Seligman refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, and the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom.
What are Kohlberg’s 3 levels of morality?
Preconventional: the child responds to consequences. In this stage, reward and punishment (I.e. selfish motives) strongly influence the behavior.
Conventional: In this level, the individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and nation.
Post conventional: Kohlberg felt that many people never reach this level, also known as self-accepted morality. A person who reaches this level is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justices, dignity, and equality of human rights. Kohlberg’s research indicated that under 40% of his middle class urban males had reached this level. Ghandi, Socrates, and MLK are cited of examples of people at this level, for whom the common good of society is a key issue.
Who is Henry Stack Sullivan
Henry Stack Sullivan postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. His theory, known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relations is similar to Erikson’s theory in that biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society. Sullivan focuses on social influences.
What is Erikson’s final or eighth stage?
Integrity vs. despair. This final stage begins around 60. An individual who has successfully mastered all stages feels a sense of integrity in the sense that his or her life has been worthwhile.
In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by
consequences.
In the consequences stage (called premoral) a treat or removal of a favorite toy is more important than societal expectations and the law.
What is a fugue state?
A fugue state refers to an individual who experiences memory loss and leaves home, often with the intention of changing his or her job or identity
What is counterconditioning?
A behaviorist technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response. Systematic desensitization is a good example of this.
What is Kohlberg’s second level of morality?
Conventional morality.
This is characterized by a desire to live up to society’s expectations AND a desire to conform. At the conventional level, the individual wins to conform to the roles in society so that authority and social order can prevail. Kohlberg felt that attempts to upgrade the morals of our youth have failed.
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is postconventional morality. Here the individual:
has self-imposed morals and ethics.
post conventional morality is the highest level where the individual creates his or her own moral principles rather than those set by society or family. It has been called a prior to society perspective.
Which of Kohlberg’s levels corresponds with a “good boy/good girl” orientation?
The conventional level (Kohlberg’s level 2 of 3). In the good boy/good girl orientation, the person is concerned with approbation and ability to please others in order to achieve recognition.
Where does naive hedonism appear within Kohlberg’s stages?
Hedonism occurs in the second stage of Kohlberg’s preconventional level (stage 1). Here the child says to himself, “If I’m nice, others will be nice to me and I’ll get what I want.”
Where does the premise that rewards guide morals appear within Kohlberg’s stages?
This premise appears in the first stage of Kohlberg’s preconventional stage (stage 1), which is the punishment vs. obedience orientation.
What is the zone of proximal development?
The zone of proximal development describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instruction. The concept was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky.
Who is the term “organ inferiority” associated with?
Alfred Adler, who create individual psychology.
What is the maturation hypothesis and which theorists could be classified as maturationists?
The concept of the maturation hypothesis (or maturation theory) suggests that behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. The theory also suggests that the individual’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for behavior to unfold.
People who believe in this concept strive to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives and thus the client’s childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics. Freud and Erikson could be classified as maturationists.
What is DBT?
DBT or Dialectical Behavioral Therapy focuses heavily on mindfulness (being aware of your own state of mind and the environment) and was created by Marsha Lineman. It is useful for clients harboring feelings of self-harm and suicide and for substance abuse issues.
Who is John Bowlby?
Bowlby was a British Psychiatrist most closely associated with bonding and attachment.
He saw bonding and attachment as having survival value or “adaptive significance”. He insisted that in order to lead a normal social life. a child must bond with an adult by the age of 3. IF the bond is severed at an early age, it is known as “object loss’ and this is said to be the breeding ground for psychopathology.
Who is Margaret Mahler?
Mahler’s work is associated with attachment and bonding. She calls the child’s absolute dependence on the female caretaker “symbiosis” and believed that difficulties in a symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis. Her theory is known as the separation-individuation theory of child development.
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis appear?
Generativity vs. stagnation.
Most theorists believe that the midlife crisis occurs between 35-45 for men and about 5 years earlier for women when the individual realizes life is half over and people need to face the fact that they have often not achieved their goals or aspirations.
Which researcher is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys?
Harry Harlow.
Harlow believed attachment was an innate tendency and not one which was learned. Monkeys played in isolation developed autistic abnormal behavior. When these monkeys were placed in cages with normally reared monkeys, Harlow noted some improvement in the deprived monkeys.
