Career development Flashcards
What is trait-and-factor matching theory?
EG Williamson based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. It relies on test and assessments to match traits, aptitude, and interests with a given occupation.
What is John Holland’s six personality and six work environments career typology?
This is visually depicted with a hexagon that includes 6 personality types and work environments. It goes by the acronym RIASEC.
- Realistic - machine shop worker or dog walker
- Investigative - researcher or chemist
- Artistic - singer or author
- Social - teacher or counselor
- Enterprising - sales personnel or business owner
- Conventional - secretary or file clerk.
Congruence between the person and the job is emphasized and the person is categorized using three digit codes such as SEC
What is Donald super’s self-concept and developmental stage theory?
Also referred to as a life-span, life-space model. Vocational development is the process of developing and implementing a self-concept. As the self-concept becomes more realistic and stable, so does vocational choice and behavior. People choose occupations that permit them to express their self-concepts. Work satisfaction is related to the degree that they’ve been able to implement their self- concepts.
Development tasks
- crystallization - forming a general vocational goal
- specification - move from tentative to specific preference
- implementation - complete training, enter employment (25-44)
- stabalization - confirm choice through work experience
- consolidation - advance in career
His life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child, student, leisure, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner.
What is Anne Roe’s early childhood needs-theory approach?
Says vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age. Is the client person-oriented (teaching) or nonperson-oriented (computer programming)? Roe was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines (importance of the parent-child relationship) as well as Maslow. Roe’s work has generated a wealth of research and the studies do not totally support this approach – however, it is extremely difficult to control the longitudinal variables involved. The Vocational Interest Inventory (VII) and the Career Occupational Presence System make use of Roe’s fields and level taxonomy.
What is John Krumboltz’s learning theory of career counseling (LTCC)?
This was initially dubbed as a social learning theory. Said 4 factors can be used to simplify the career development process:
- Genetic endowment and unique abilities
- environmental conditions and life events
- learning experiences (either Pavlovian, social learning theory, or Skinnerian)
- Task approach skills (problem solving cognitive responses, and emotion patterns)
Research validates the original social learning theory but additional studies are needed to back up the newer learning theory of career counseling. This approach to counseling is considered a cognitive approach
What is the Ginzburg group’s (also known as Ginzburg and Associates. Also known as Ginzburg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herma) developmental approach?
This theory was created by an economist, a psychiatrist, a sociologist and a psychologist and is the first developmental approach to occupational choice. Said the developmental stages are:
- Ages 11 and under - fantasy
- early adolescence - tentative
- 17-early adulthood - realistic
The group later dropped their original hypothesis that career choice was irreversible.
What is Mark Savickas’s career construction postmodern theory?
Savickas, who worked with Donald Super, is critical of most traditional theories. His work is heavily rooted in narrative therapy in which the client’s life is viewed as a story he or she has constructed and intervention focuses on recurring themes to reauthor that story.
What is Social cognitive counseling theory (SCCT)?
This theory focuses on how one’s belief system impacts career choice
What is Linda Gottdredon’s theory of circumscription and compromise?
This is a developmental approach taking one’s childhood into account. There are two phases:
- Theory of circumscription - phase 1, rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender, stereotypes, and social class
- compromise - phase 1 when you change your mind or major if career path is not truly realistica
Concept of social space refers to the zone or territory of jobs where he or she fits into society.
What is Edgar H. Schein’s 8 career anchors theory?
Career anchors manifest approximately 5-10 years after a person begins work. Career anchors are based on the self-concept, abilities, and what the person is good at, and these anchors guide future career choices. Originally Schein identified 5 anchors but now 8 are used:
- autonomy/independence
- security/stability
- technical/funcitonal competence
- general managerial competence
- entrepreneurial creativity
- service/dedication to a cause
- pure challenge
- lifestyle
When did lifestyle and career development begin to be emphasized?
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern. Note that the beginning of the guidance movement is associated with the work of Frank Parsons, who started the Boston Vocation Bureau in 1908 just before he died.
Who is Frank Parsons?
Parsons is considered the father of guidance. He started the Boston Vocation Bureau in 1908 just 9 months before he died. HE was a Cornell graduate who later became Boston’s chief law clerk and then the dean of a liberal arts college. His landmark work, Choosing a Vocation was published posthumously. The Bureau was set up as.a civic service house and had hours in branches of the YMCA and the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union.
How does career counseling trailblazer John O Crites feel about career counseling vis-a-vis therapy?
Crites feels that the need for career counseling exceeds the need for therapy and he feels that career counseling is more difficult than performing psychotherapy and can actually be therapeutic sine there is a clear positive correlation between career counseling and personal adjustment.
What is the glass ceiling phenomenon?
The glass ceiling phenomenon suggests that women are limited in terms of far they can advance in the world of work. The glass ceiling effect is a form of occupational sex-role stereotyping that can limit women’s career. This concept is somewhat analogous to the lavender ceiling phenomenon which purports that the same basic notion is true for LGBTQ individuals. Gender-aware career counseling is a must.
What is a “displaced homemaker”?
This is a phenomenon in which a woman with children who was a homemaker is now currently in need of work to support her family. Women who have made the transition from homemaker to jobs outside the home could be referred to as reentry women.
How do students in high school and middle school feel about career counseling?
A very high proportion of students in HS and MS want career counseling, though career interests are often more stable after college. Students would generally like help in terms of career planning, and 50% of all college students have career difficulties.
What is pervasive indecisiveness?
This is when someone has a lifelong pattern of severe anxiety relating to decision making. This can make deciding on a career much more difficult.
What is Victor Vroom’s motivation and management expectancy theory?
Vroom suggests that an employee’s performance is influenced by:
- valence (will the work provide rewards like money, promotion, or satisfaction)
- expectancy (what does the person feel he or she is capable of doing)
- instrumentality (will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward such as a raise?)
What are dual career families?
Dual career families are families in which both partners have jobs. Dual career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner works. That said, when both partners work, there are more problems relating to household chores and responsibilities. Today, over 54% of marriages are dual-wage earner marriages – and the figure is around 60% in families with children. This is in stark contrast to the 20% statistic from 1950.
Dual career couples often report a lack of leisure time which can turn into additional stress for both partners – though research shows that in most cases, dual-career households manage to spend as much time with their children as households with a single wage earner.
In a dual-career family, when do women typically have children?
In dual-career families, the woman is typically secure in her career before having children. This is in contrast to the traditional model in which women had children before entering the workforce.
What is the difference between vocational guidance and career counseling?
Guidance is seen as a developmental and educational process within a school system.
Career counseling is viewed as a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting.
How does a bachelor’s degree impact earning potential?
On average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10k a year more than a worker with a high school diploma. Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders have the highest percentage of individuals with a bachelor degree, followed by white people, African American people, and Latino/as.
Has the number of workers with a high school diploma increased or decreased?
Increased
Have blue collar jobs increased more or less rapidly as white-collar positions?
Blue collar jobs have increased more slowly as white-collar positions. This is likely based partially on the fact that the US has become.a service economy vs. focusing exclusively on the production of goods.
What do people mean when they talk about the “changing view of work”?
This phrase generally indicates that in the past, work was seen as drudgery while today it is seen as a vehicle to express identity, self-esteem and status. In the past, work was primarily a way to pay the bills and today, the rewards of a career are often conceptualized as fulfilling emotional needs. This implies that people who don’t need to work will continue to do so – and this hunch was born out via research on lotto winners.
How do older workers compare to younger workers in terms of skill and speed?
Experience impacts job performance more than age – so older workers are more adept that younger works in both skill and speed.
This phenomenon disproved a notion in psychology known as decrement which suggests that speed, skills, and retention would decrease as one entered old age.
What do career counselors mean when they talk about leisure?
Leisure in this context refers to the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations. This is time when the individual is not at work and has the freedom to choose what he or she would like to do. Leisure time is said to be self-determined and can help compensate for dissatisfaction in the work place. Sometimes people define “career” as the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure.
What is an avocation?
A leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money.
What is Title VII of the Civil Rights act?
Title VII, set forth in 1964 and updated in 1972 status that women should have equal work opportunities and equal job pay. Of course, there is still significant gender bias in the work place. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is the watchdog for Title VII guidelines that prohibit discrimination n the basis of color, sex, religion, race or national origin.
What does the EEOC’s Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures consider to be an “adverse impact” in terms of workplace discrimination?
The procedures speak of “adverse impact” if it does not meet the 80% four-fifths rule. Here, the hiring rate for minorities is divided by the figure for non minorities. If the quotient is less than 80% (4/5), then adverse impact is evident.
What is “differential validity” as discussed in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission’s (EECO) Uniform Guidelines established in Title VII?
Differential validity is evident when a selection process (I.e. a test) is valid for one group but less valid or totally invalid for another. Tests plagued with differential validity should not be used for hiring or promotion purposes.
What is the trait-and-factor theory of career development?
This theory, considered the first major and most durable theory of career choice, assumes that via psychological testing, one’s personality could be matched to an occupation which stresses those particularly personality traits. This assumes that there is one best or single career for the person. This has also been called the matching approach or actuarial approach which implies that empirical, statistical data is used (I.e. the results from a test) rather than simply relying on clinical judgement. Parson’s work stressed a careful self-analysis under guidance – and then you’d match those traits to occupations using advice from people who had studied people, their jobs, and conditions for success.
Note that this model is sometimes classified as a structural theory because it emphasizes individual/structural difference.
Some industrial psychology exams will speak of ‘profile matching”, when a job candidate’s personality or skills profile is matched to that of successful workers – and then hiring decisions are based on the closeness of the match of predictor scores.
What is the developmental approach to career development?
This approach views career decisions as longitudinal and reversible. Developmental approaches delineate stages or specify vocational choice in terms of a process which can change throughout the lifespan. Thus, vocational development parallels psychosocial, cognitive and personality development. Pioneers in this area include Eli Ginzburg (economist), Sol Ginsburg (psychiatrist), Axelrad (sociologist), Herman (psychologist). They are known for questioning the premise that career development was a single event. The theories proposed by Super and Tiedeman and O’Hara are also derived from developmental psychology.
Who is Edmund Griffith Williamson and what is his Minnesota Viewpoint?
Edmund Griffith Williamson was the chief spokesperson for the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint, which expended upon Parson’s model to create a theory of counseling which transcended vocational issues. His work purposes to be scientific and didactic and utilizes data from instruments such as the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
What populations are most career theories based on?
Middle class or upper middle class white males who are heterosexual and not disabled.
Which theorists are the trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach most associated?
Parsons and Wliliams. CF Patterson from the University of Minnesota and he was another major proponent of this approach.
Is the trait-and-factor model grounded in differential psychology?
Yes. Differential psychology is the study of individual differences and that is what this model is based on. The assumption in this approach is that human beings are rational, so when there is proper information available (I.e. from tests), the person can make a wise choice about career.
What is a criticism of the trait-and-factor model?
The theory has been accused of being oversimplify because it subordinates personal choice making and advanced the idea of a single job for life. It assumes that an individual’s traits can be measured so accurately that the choice of occupation is a one-time process. Computer career guidance programs often adhere to the trait-and-factor model.
Who are Roe and Brill?
This refers to Anne Roe and A. A. Brill who focused on personality theories of career choice.
Who is John Holland?
He suggested that a person’s personality needs to be congruent with the work environment. RIASEC
Who is Donald Super?
A theorist who emphasized career development rather than career choice. He created a 5-stage life-span theory emphasizing that career choice is a developmental process based on the person’s self-concept.
Developmenal stages:
Growth (Birth to mid teens) - Major developmental tasks are to develop a self-concept and to move from play to work orientation.
Exploration (Mid teens through early 20’s) - major tasks are to develop a realistic self- concept and implement a vocational preference though role tryouts and exploration; there is a gradual narrowing of choices leading to implementation of a preference. Preferences become CHOICES when acted upon.
Establishment (mid 20’s through mid 40’s) - major tasks are to find secure niche in one’s field and advance within it.
Maintenance (40’s through early 60’s) - Major task is to preserve one’s gains and develop non-occupational roles for things one always wanted to do; Little new ground is broken, one continues established work patterns. One faces competition from younger workers. Could be a plateau.
Disengagement or Decline (Late 60’s through retirement) - Tasks are deceleration of the career, gradual disengagement from world of work and retirement. One is challenged to find other sources of satisfaction. May shift to part time to suit declining capacities.
What are Parson’s three steps to implement in the trait-and-factor model?
- knowledge of self and aptitudes and interests
- knowledge of jobs, including their advantages and disadvantages
- matching the person with the work.
Though today’s career counselors do not practice from a pure trait-and-factor base, experts insist that remnants of this approach are still evident in some of the modern theories, including those suggested by John O. Crites, Donald Super, and John Holland.
What is the fourth force in counseling?
This is a term that has been suggested to describe multiculturalism. Third force psychology usually refers to humanistic approaches.
What is the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales?
This is a test specifically aimed at enhancing the actuarial approach to career choice. It is used in Edmund Griffith Williamn’s work, the Minnesota Viewpoint, which expands on the trait-and-factor approach.
What tests might a counselor who factors a personality theory of career selection use?
These counselors might use the Myers-Briggs, The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey, the Advective Checklist, BDI, and MMPI-2. Current counselors are not a big fan of the testing/personality theory of career counseling and sarcastically refer to it as the “test-and-tell” paradigm.
What is psychometric data?
This refers to the use of test results in counseling, a practice which is stressed by trait-and-factor practitioners.
On which premise did Anne Roe based her personality approach to career change?
Anne Roe based her theory on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need. Her theory of career choice is based heavily on personality theory and some refer to Row’s work as the person-environment theory. Her theory is primarily psychoanalytic, though it also draws on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Her major propositions are that:
- satisfied needs do not become unconscious motivators
- higher order needs will disappear even if they are rarely satisfied but lower-order needs (I.e. safety) will be the major concern
- needs that are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivators.
Roe emphasized that early child-reading practices influence later career choices since a job is a major source of gratification for an unconscious need.
What was Roe’s Two-dimensional system of occupational classification?
Roe’s two-dimensional system used fields and levels, in which “fields” were areas of career content and “levels” referred to the actual skill level.
She had 8 occupational fields including: services, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment
Her 6 levels of occupational skill include: professional and managerial 1 , professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skill, semiskilled, and unskilled
What were Roe’s 3 basic parenting styles and what did she think was the impact on a child’s career?
Roe believed that parents fell into one of these 3 categories and that the child’s experience with these different type of parents led them to develop a personality that gravitates either toward people (and would. thus choose “fields” of service, business, organization, and general culture) or away from people (would choose outdoor, science, or technology). The categories are:
- Overprotective
- avoidant - also known as a rejecting style that is emotionally cold or hostile
- acceptant - this is a democratic style.
Research suggests that an individual raised in a warm, accepting family where person-to-person interaction was rewarded would tend to seek out careers emphasizing contact with others (toward people) whereas a cold “avoiding” family of origin would be more likely to produce an individual who would shun person-oriented careers.
How does Roe’s theory rely on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Roe’s theory, like Maslow’s, states that lower-order needs (the most urgent and basic needs) take precedence over higher-order needs.
Which psychological tests provide some support for Roe’s theory?
The Rorschach and the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) – both projective tests.
Does Roe believe that genetics play a role in career choice?
Yes. Roe believed that genetics help to determine one’s intelligence and education and so this influences career choice. She believed that career choice is motivated by:
- genetics
- parent-child interaction
- unconscious motivators
- current needs
- interests (people/things)
- education
- intelligence
What is the difference between a job, an occupation, and a career?
- Job - this refers to a given position or similar positions within an organization
- Occupation - broader than a job and refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings (I.e. psychotherapists)
- Career - this is the broadest category because it depicts a person’s lifetime positions plus leisure.
Which other theorist, in addition to Anne Roe, emphasized unconscious processes in career choice?
Edwin Bordin. Bordin felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts. That said, psychoanalytic approaches have never been particularly popular with helpers trained in counseling departments because short-term, time efficient modalities are stressed.
