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health and social > human growth and development (unit1) > Flashcards

human growth and development (unit1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the stress diathesis model?

A

how stress caused by life events(nurture) reacts with genetic vulnerbality(nature) to imapct on mental wellbeing.
some individuals are born with genetic predisposition, but may never develop if they dont experience stress in their life.
high levels of stress may trigger the predisposition

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2
Q

what are pollutants and their affects?

A

1.pollutants- asthma,hayfever, irritate lungs due to poisonous gases

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3
Q

what is repository issues caused by?

A

respiratory- family members smoking tobacco- pneumonia and COPD and lung cancer

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4
Q

poor housing and the effects?

A

5.poor housing- cold and damp causing respiratory, depression,anxiety due to embarassment.
risk of accidents
cardio issues
fuel povety- hypothermia
children easily pass on meningitis

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5
Q

smoke and effects on body?

A

smoke-clots in blood, heart issues and blood pressure likely to rise

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6
Q

symptoms of allergies?

A

allergies- asthma attack, sneezing, watery eyes, runny nose, breathing issues - wheezy

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7
Q

overcrowded homes and effects on people?

A

6.overcrowded- stress esp elderly- poor quality homes and strokes
stress cause smoking and drinking
calorie intake affected- by ready made meals and overweight - diabetes
lack of green space- low income families low on physical activity

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8
Q

piagets model

A

children think different to adults
1. 4 year old has abstract thinking as they arent mature enough
2.infants are egocentric only see world from their perspective
3.7 yr olds use concrete thinking to solve problems

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9
Q

findings of three moutains test?

A

-piaget found 4 year olds showed no awareness of what the doll could see, instead just there perspective
-6 year olds talked of their view rarely the dolls
-7/8 yrs consistently said dolls view

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10
Q

what was the three moutains test?

A

-3D mountains shown to chidlren all diff sizes,features
-children explored model
-doll came and placed looking at a different position to the model then the child
-child is asked what the doll can see

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11
Q

what happens in the sensorimotor stage (0-2)?

A

-only focus on what they can see or do
-shake and throw things about
-start to explore and walk around towards 18months

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12
Q

what is the preoperational stage (2-7)?

A

-lanaguage develops with memory
-child unable to conserve
-egocentric

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13
Q

what is concrete operational(7-11) stage?

A

-child may understand conservational
-cant solve problems mentally
-may solve maths with buttons

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14
Q

what is formal operational(11+)?

A

-has abstract thoughts
-represent thoughts mentally

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15
Q

critcism of piaget

A

1.over or underestimated some cognitive abilties
2.with adult support children can actually expand thinking skills to higher level(cant rlly learn in isolation)
3.observing kids at age 5 found that they do understand others feelings and far less egocentric then said by piaget
4.thinking skills may depend on a childs environment and quality of eductaion

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16
Q

strengths of piaget

A

-he accounted for both biological and environment factors in development of intelligence
-one of the most infulential theorists of child thought

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17
Q

chomsky LAD- main ideas

A

-langauge is genetically programmed
-born with LAD
-imitaiton alone isnt enough to learn language
-through hearing lanaguges children pick it up
-children may make grammatical erros
-children go thru same stages of LAD at similar times regardless of langauge spoken

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18
Q

criticise chomsky

A
  1. social interaction is vital more than chomsky recognises
    2.didnt consider those w langauge developemnt issues or hearing or speech impairments
  2. people with down syndrome will have a delay in learning a language
    4.lack scientific evidence
    5.too much focus on sentence structure than meaning
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19
Q

types of play - solo play (0-1)

A

looks at adults, puts things in mouth and tocuhes, plays games such as peak a boo

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20
Q

solo play (12-18 mnths)

A

notices other kids and plays with adults

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21
Q

parallel play(18 mnths - 2 years old)

A

learns to complete tasks with trial and error and imitates other kids playing

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22
Q

associative play (3-4yrs)

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A

joins in pretend and fantasy games and takes on roles

23
Q

co opertaive (4-6)

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A

take turns and create rules in games

24
Q

co operative (6-8yrs)

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A

play in groups, make rules, emjoy understanding rules but doesnt cope w loosing game

25
What are centile lines?
lines on graph showing average measurements of height, weight and head circumference, take age and sex into account.
26
infancy
0-2years
27
early childhood
3-8years
28
adolesence
9-18
29
early adulthood
19-45
30
middle adulthood
46-65
31
later adulthood
65+
32
female primary sexual characteristcs
1.uterus englarge and vagina lengthens 2.ovaries begin to release eggs 3.mensturation begins
33
female secondary
1.breasts enlarge and areola swells and darkens 2.hair grows in armipits and pubic hair 3.hips widen
34
male primary
1.penis englarge 2.erections caused by blood flowing into chambers 3.testicles produce sperm
35
male secondary
1.voice deepen 2.hair grow armpits,pubic and face 3.muscle tissue and fat redistrubute
36
whats menopause
ending of female fertility and reduction in female sex hormones
37
whats maturation?
genetically programmed sequence of change
38
genetic predispositon
inherited gene determining physcial growth,development and health
39
dysfunctional family
family not providing sufficent support and benefits
40
Authoritative
not overly strict children more reslienet brought to respect authority and values conform more easily to social norms
41
authoritarian
high expectations overwhelming stirct religious
42
permissive
few demands children hv no sense of control no boundaries and responibility for future
43
scale readjustment theory
life events each with stress level score the higher the score the more likely individual may become unwell
44
schaffer and emerson
1.3mnths- respond to any caregiver 2.3-7mtnhs- accept care from anyone but can distiguish between caregiver and other people 3.7-9months- fear of strangers and unhappy when seperated display stranger anxiety 4.9mnths+ - forms mulitple attachments and independant
45
what did bandura suggest about social learning theory?
-much behaviour e.g agression is learnt from environment -through reinforcment and modelling -observation and imitaition of others -bandura bobo study where adults acted agressively towards doll -when children left alone they imitated this behaviour and also struck at the doll
46
what criteria needs to be met for social learning theory to occur?
-pay attention -retention of observed behaviour -reproduction of observed behaviour -motivation to imitate the observeed behaviour
47
what are the different reinforcements ?
positive = praise likely to repeat negative= unlikely to repeat
48
what makes an effective role model?
-same gender -same age -higher status -admired and respected
49
evaluation of bandura ?
-doesnt distiguish between real agression and play fighting (bobo doll purpose was to be struck) -cumberbatch found that chidlren who had not played with bobo doll before were 5 times as likely to imitate agression than those fmaialr to it -bandura ignored personality and emotions -showed well that learning behvaiour can be learnt through imitaiton -violence in media and real life agression seems to support bandura
50
bowlby and attachment?
-preprogrammed to attach to mother during critical period -seek proximixty when stress -suffer seperation anxiety -help form RS in later life -may have permanent damage if no attachment
51
schaffer and his stages
*know the stages* -babies form attachment w caregivers who respond effectively to signals - who plays and communicates not ab WHO FEEDS -infulences self esteem -parents show value by response
52
gesell maturation ?
-growth determined by genetics -inner biological clock determing what rate they will progress -observeed large number kids to establish 'norms' and 'milestones' -developement pre determined -environemt little infulence criticism= not helpful in explaining indicdual difference or cultural difference for kids with learning disability.
53
describes piagets theory of schemas?
-when child matches with what they understand (state of equlibrium) -coming across a new situation or task they dont understand(disequalibrium) -assimilation is when new info is added to current schema - new schema is made to understand task (accomadation) -schema is a pattern of thought that organises info, informing a person of what to expect from variety of experiences and situations

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