Human Growth and Development & Social and Cultural Diveristy

Question 1

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are

Answer 1

psychosocial

Question 2

In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

Answer 2

believe in man’s power’s of reasoning to control behavior.

Question 3

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which the entire life span was

Answer 3

Erik Erikson

Question 4

(revise book) The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory.

Question 5

Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

Answer 5

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations.

Question 6

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research in as much as

Answer 6

his findings were often derived from observing his own children

Question 7

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered

Answer 7

conservation

Question 8

In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

Answer 8

volume or mass

Question 9

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as

Answer 9

concrete operations-ages 7-11 years.

Question 10

____ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development.

Answer 10

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 11

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests

Answer 11

one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape.

Question 12

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of

Answer 12

egocentrism

Question 13

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

Answer 13

three levels of morality.

Question 14

(review text) The Heinz dilema is to Kohlber’s theory as

Answer 14

a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered.

Question 15

The term identity crisis comes from the work of

Answer 15

Erikson

Question 16

Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are

Answer 16

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 17

Trust versus mistrust is

Answer 17

Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial dvelopment

Question 18

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eight stage.

Answer 18

integrity vs despair

Question 19

In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by

Answer 19

consequences

Question 20

Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

Answer 20

a desire to live up to society’s expectations & a desire to conform.

Question 21

Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual

Answer 21

Has self imposed morals and ethics

Question 22

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is post conventional or self-accepted moral principles

Answer 22

is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level

Question 23

The zone of proximal development

Answer 23

was pioneered by Lev Vygostsky

Question 24

Freud and Erikson

Answer 24

could be classified as maturationists.

Question 25

John Bowlby , the Bristish psychiatrist, is most closely associated with

Answer 25

bonding and attachment

Question 26

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

Answer 26

generativity versus stagnation

Question 27

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is

Answer 27

Harry harlow

Question 28

The statement “males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is

Answer 28

true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

Question 29

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is

Answer 29

intimacy versus isolation- ages 23-34 years.

Question 30

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

Answer 30

A 13 year old male middle school student

Question 31

In harry harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys

Answer 31

the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother

Question 32

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:

Answer 32

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Question 33

In adolescence

Answer 33

males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often

Question 34

In the general U.S. population

Answer 34

suicide rates tend to increase with age

Question 35

The fear of death

Answer 35

is greatest during middle age

Question 36

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor

Answer 36

which evolves primarily during the oral age

Question 37

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general

Answer 37

girls grow up to smile more.
girls are using more feeling words by age 2.
girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age

Question 38

The Freudian developmental stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is

Answer 38

latency

Question 39

In terms of parenting young children

Answer 39

boys are punished more than girls

Question 40

When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean

Answer 40

how much heredity or environment interact to influence development

Question 41

Stage theorists assume

Answer 41

qualitative changes between stages occur

Question 42

Development

Answer 42

is a continuous process which begins at conception.

Question 43

Development is cephalocaudal, which means

Answer 43

head to foot.

Question 44

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and

Answer 44

-assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes.
-assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes.
-assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code.

Question 45

Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage

Answer 45

abstract thinking emerges & problems can be solved using deduction.

Question 46

Kohlberg lists_____stages of moral development which fall into____levels

Answer 46

6; 3

Question 47

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles

Answer 47

has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development.

is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles

Question 48

Freud’s Oedipus complex (or Oedipus stage)

Answer 48

is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the
opposite-sex parent occur.
-occurs during the phallic stage.

Question 49

In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as

Answer 49

the Electra complex

Question 50

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is:

Answer 50

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Question 51

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing

Answer 51

an apparatus known as a visual cliff.

Question 52

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

Answer 52

empiricists.

Question 53

An empiricist view of development would be

Answer 53

behavioristic.

Question 54

In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers

Answer 54

ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers.

Question 55

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?

Answer 55

Organicism.

Question 56

In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the

Answer 56

sensorimotor stage.

Question 57

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered

Answer 57

object permanence

representational thought.

Question 58

The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

Answer 58

sensorimotor stage-birth to 2 years

Question 59

John Bowlby has asserted that

Answer 59

conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

Question 60

The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life

Answer 60

appeared to be autistic.

Question 61

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may -

Answer 61

become fixated at

Question 62

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that

Answer 62

watching violence tends to make children more aggressive.

Question 63

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means

Answer 63

behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species

Question 64

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to

Answer 64

the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment.

Question 65

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown’s red nose but ignores the clown’s other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of

Answer 65

centration

Question 66

Piaget felt

Answer 66

that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation

Question 67

Piaget’s preoperational stage

Answer 67

includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema

Question 68

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that

Answer 68

each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next

Question 69

The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained

Answer 69

sex-role socialization

Question 70

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of

Answer 70

Bowlby

Question 71

A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that

Answer 71

in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys

in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls

Question 72

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is

Answer 72

sibling rivalry

Question 73

A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to

Answer 73

Piaget’s preoperational period, ages 2-7 years.

Question 74

Elementary school counseling and guidance services

Answer 74

are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s

Question 75

Research related to elementary school counselor indicates that

Answer 75

these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children’s lives, and more counselors should be employed.

Question 76

According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson

Answer 76

80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis

an “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes

Question 77

Erikson’s middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity verus stagnation. Generativity refers to

Answer 77

the ability to do creative work or raise a family.

the opposite of stagnation.

the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure and time

Question 78

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels

Answer 78

ego-integrity in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage.

Question 79

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ________ is to Erikson.

Answer 79

trust versus mistrust

Question 80

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?

Answer 80

H. Harlow.

Question 81

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client

Answer 81

suffers from fixation.

Question 82

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the

Answer 82

superego.

Question 83

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

Answer 83

Konrad Lorenz.

Question 84

The statement “bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not” is most closely associated with

Answer 84

Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level.

Question 85

A critical period

Answer 85

makes imprinting possible.

signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won’t be learned at all.

Question 86

Imprinting—rapid learning during a critical period of development—is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by

Answer 86

Konrad Lorenz.

Question 87

Marital satisfaction

Answer 87

often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home.

Question 88

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs,” which postulates

Answer 88

lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization.

Question 89

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow

Answer 89

interviewed the best people he could find who escaped “the psychology of the average.”

Question 90

Piaget is

Answer 90

a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative.

Question 91

________ factors cause Down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21.

Answer 91

Genetic (conditions passed through genes)

Question 92

Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child’s cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called

Answer 92

equilibration.

Question 93

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists

Answer 93

allow clients to work through early conflicts.

Question 94

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as

Answer 94

fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli.

Question 95

Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling in which

Answer 95

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction.

Question 96

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that

Answer 96

no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories.

Question 97

Equilibration is

Answer 97

the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).

Question 98

A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on

Answer 98

Maslow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs.

Question 99

The anal retentive personality is

Answer 99

stingy.

Question 100

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be

Answer 100

considered an oral character.

Question 101

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

Answer 101

cross-cultural counseling.

multicultural counseling.

intercultural counseling.

Question 102

Culture refers to

Answer 102

customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups.

values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group.

attitudes, beliefs, art, and language which characterize members of a group often passed from generation to generation.

Question 103

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client

Answer 103

belongs to a different culture from the helper.

Question 104

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture

Answer 104

the counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture.

Question 105

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents

Answer 105

a separate culture.

Question 106

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

Answer 106

Berne.

Question 107

________ and ________ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

Answer 107

Freud; Lorenz

Question 108

________ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

Answer 108

Social learning theorists

Question 109

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by

Answer 109

the 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development.

Question 110

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions. He

Answer 110

wrote the 1978 classic Seasons of a Man’s Life and the 1997 sequel Seasons of a Woman’s Life.
c. postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40 and 45 and for women approximately five years earlier.

Question 111

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are:

Answer 111

close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs.

Question 112

The term contextualism implies that

Answer 112

behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs.

Question 113

Carol Gilligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development

Answer 113

as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Question 114

________ helped to popularize the multicultural counseling movement.

Answer 114

The civil rights movement

Question 115

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to

Answer 115

the prognosis.

Question 116

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

Answer 116

recommendations.

Question 117

The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo demonstrated that

Answer 117

people conform to social roles.

Question 118

A wealth of research demonstrates that

Answer 118

in most instances, clients prefer a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background.

Question 119

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with

Answer 119

John Dollard and Neal Miller.

Question 120

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ________ cognitive dissonance theory.

Answer 120

Festinger’s

Question 121

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies that

Answer 121

culture provides individuals with standards of conduct.

Question 122

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm

Answer 122

describes how people are supposed to act.

Question 123

Mores are beliefs and social customs

Answer 123

regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.

Question 124

________ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.

Answer 124

Frank Parsons, the father of guidance,

Question 125

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. Her primary concern will be

Answer 125

national culture.
ecological culture.

Question 126

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by

Answer 126

universal culture.

Question 127

Early vocalization in infants

Answer 127

is nearly identical in all cultures around the globe.

Question 128

In the 1920s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated

Answer 128

how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups.

Question 129

According to the foot-in-the-door compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, a counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client’s home

Answer 129

should ask to come in the home.

Question 130

Most countries have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by

Answer 130

national culture.

Question 131

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society

Answer 131

is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory

Question 132

Ethnocentrism

Answer 132

uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others.

Question 133

All of these statements are ethnocentric except

Answer 133

The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico.

Question 134

Ethnocentrism

Answer 134

promotes a sense of patriotism and national sovereignty.
c. promotes stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age.

Question 135

Regardless of culture, the popular individual

Answer 135

has good social skills.

Question 136

Social exchange theory postulates that

Answer 136

a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs.

Question 137

Balance theory postulates

Answer 137

a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency.
c. a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state.

Question 138

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive

Answer 138

have other positive traits.

Question 139

A counselor who works primarily with older adults needs to be aware that

Answer 139

surprisingly, financial security and health are the best predictors of retirement adjustment.

Question 140

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis

Answer 140

must be done within a cultural context.

Question 141

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect ________ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture.

Answer 141

less

Question 142

In terms of diagnosis,

Answer 142

a client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another.

Question 143

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy.

Answer 143

In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help.

Question 144

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach–approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be perfect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch.

Answer 144

She will read positive reviews on the silver watch—and possibly negative reviews about the gold model—after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisional dissonance.

Question 145

A woman who is being robbed

Answer 145

would find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases.

Question 146

A counselor reading this book says, “I couldn’t care less about passing my comprehensive exam.” This

Answer 146

is an attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension.

Question 147

The statement “Even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low”

Answer 147

is an attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions.

Question 148

In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates that

Answer 148

he or she might ignore positive information regarding other models and secure a lot of information regarding the $50,000 platinum model.

he or she might focus heavily on negative information regarding rival models.

Question 149

In the United States, middle- and upper-class citizens seem to want a counselor who

Answer 149

helps them work it out on their own.

Question 150

In a traditional culture which places a high premium on authority figures,

Answer 150

passivity on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner.
b. a client would be disappointed if he or she did not receive advice.
c. assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate.

Question 151

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with

Answer 151

cognition and attitude formation.

Question 152

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce

Answer 152

less-aggressive children.

Question 153

Overall, Rogerian person-centered counseling

Answer 153

has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races

Question 154

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term therapeutic surrender means

Answer 154

the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts.

Question 155

The literature suggests these factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender:

Answer 155

rapport, trust, listening, conquering client resistance, and self-disclosure.

Question 156

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender,

Answer 156

it is easier to trust people from one’s own culture.

lower-income people often don’t trust others from a higher social class.

lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class.

Question 157

A(n) ________ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor.

Answer 157

African American male

Question 158

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error). He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as

Answer 158

even more dissimilar (i.e., a contrast error).

Question 159

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when negative transference

Answer 159

is interpreted as therapeutic resistance

Question 160

Counselors who have good listening skills

Answer 160

facilitate therapeutic surrender.

Question 161

Counselors can more easily advise

Answer 161

clients from their own culture.

Question 162

It’s easiest to empathize with

Answer 162

a client who is similar to you.

Question 163

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effective

Answer 163

when the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session.

Question 164

A client from another culture will

Answer 164

speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when speaking to someone of his or her own background.

Question 165

An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was “bad,” though she literally means it was good. The counselor’s misunderstanding could best be described as a

Answer 165

connotative error.

Question 166

A monolingual U.S. counselor

Answer 166

speaks only English.

Question 167

________ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.

Answer 167

The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. the Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation

Question 168

Multicultural counseling promotes

Answer 168

eclecticism.

Question 169

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. The word emic

Answer 169

is a “culture-specific” perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language.

Question 170

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee “You can deal with your Asian American clients the same as you deal with anybody else” is espousing the

Answer 170

etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language.

Question 171

The statement “All humans, from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different” is based on the

Answer 171

etic viewpoint

Question 172

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native American client. Native Americans (also called American Indians on some exams) are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secures several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. She discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States. This counselor most likely believes in the

Answer 172

emic viewpoint.

Question 173

A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His coun­selor remarks, “I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you.” In this case the counselor had suggested

Answer 173

an autoplastic method of coping.

Question 173

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, “If you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system.” This is the ________ viewpoint for coping with the environment.

Answer 173

alloplastic

Question 174

You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions. The most likely explanation would be

Answer 174

she has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference.

Question 175

Positive transference is to love or affection, as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to

Answer 175

uncertainty.

Question 176

The word personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means

Answer 176

all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.

Question 177

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply

Answer 177

attacking the system.

Question 178

Good multicultural counselors are

Answer 178

flexible.

Question 179

A client remarks, “Hey, I’m African American and it’s nearly impossible to hide it.” This is illustrative of the fact that

Answer 179

race is not the same as ethnicity.

Question 180

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that the counselor’s training

Answer 180

should be broad and interdisciplinary.

Question 181

Doing cross-cultural counseling

Answer 181

makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences.

Question 182

Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will

Answer 182

perform better if he or she is part of a group.

Question 183

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that

Answer 183

after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

Question 184

In 1908, books by ________ helped to introduce social psychology in America.

Answer 184

McDougall and Ross

Question 185

________ is associated with obedience and authority.

Answer 185

Stanley Milgram, a noted psychologist,

Question 186

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as

Answer 186

an authority figure.

Question 187

The tendency to affiliate with others

Answer 187

is highest in firstborns and only children.

Question 188

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an

Answer 188

approach–approach conflict.

Question 189

When a person has two negative alternatives, it is called an

Answer 189

avoidance–avoidance conflict.

Question 190

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to “a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent.” This creates an

Answer 190

approach–avoidance conflict.

Question 191

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if

Answer 191

the client likes the counselor.

Question 192

An adept multicultural counselor

Answer 192

usually supports the salad bowl model of diversity.

Question 193

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys’ summer camp near Robbers’ Cave, Oklahoma. The important finding in this study was that

Answer 193

a cooperative, or so-called superordinate, goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation

Question 194

Sex-role stereotyping would imply that

Answer 194

a counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client.
b. a male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional status differently than he would a male client’s.

Question 195

The statement “whites are better than African Americans” illustrates

Answer 195

racism.

Question 196

In terms of research related to affiliation

Answer 196

misery loves miserable company.
b. firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later.
c. people affiliate in an attempt to lower fear.

Question 197

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring. According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that

Answer 197

he too felt the group activity was very helpful.

Question 198

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a

Answer 198

52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator.

Question 199

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying

Answer 199

normal behavior within the context of her culture.