Human Geography Flashcards
1
Q
The 4 types of Globalisation
A
Economic
Social
Political
Cultural
2
Q
Key Globalisation Time Line
A
1944-1980= setting rules for trade after the war 1944= World Bank and IMF are founded 1975= UK joins the EU 1981-1999= TNC's and internet revolution 2000= rapid development in Asia and Africa + Millennium development goals launched 2011= China becomes second largest economy
3
Q
Issues With The Global Village
A
- Dependent on technology
- Communication between leaders
- Conflict and war
- Exploitation
- Religious disagreements
- Against Globalisation
- Uneven development
- Environmental issues
- Corruption
- Inequality
4
Q
Definition of Globalisation
A
The connection of the world through economic, social, political and cultural means
5
Q
Factors in Production
A
Land - all natural resources
Labour - a skilled work force
Capital - something to help with production (money)
Enterprise - setting up the business
6
Q
What Is GDP
A
A Gross Domestic Product is how many goods were produced in a country
7
Q
Flows Of Capital
A
From core to periphery:
FDI
Aid
Remittance
From periphery to core:
repatriation of profits
8
Q
NEE groups
A
BRICS
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
MINT
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey
9
Q
Multi-lateral Aid
A
Aid provided through the UN, from contributions made by a number of HIC’s
10
Q
FDI
A
Foreign Direct Investment is made mainly by TNC’s based in one country into the physical capital or assets of foreign enterprise.
11
Q
Aid
A
Aid that is provided from one government to another
12
Q
Remittance Payments
A
These are transfers of money made by foreign workers to family in their home country
13
Q
Bi-lateral Aid
A
An important source of financial support for poor countries
14
Q
Migration
A
The majority of this happens through labour from poorer to richer countries. This causes LIC’s to lose their most skilled workers
15
Q
Repatriation Of Profits
A
TNC’s investing in overseas production will normally take any profits made from that investment back to their home headquaters
16
Q
Diaspora
A
A large group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have moved and settled in places all over the world
17
Q
Time/Space convergence
A
The lapse of information due to lack of or low quality communication
18
Q
Containerisation
A
The containers have standardized dimensions. They can be loaded, unloaded, and transported with ease
19
Q
Tariffs
A
Tariffs are a a form of protectionism to protect home-based industries from foreign competition
20
Q
High Level Service
A
Service to businesses such as finance, investment, and advertisement (London, Tokyo, New York)
21
Q
Low Level Services
A
Service to consumers such as banking, travel and tourism, customer call centers or communication services (India, Bangladesh)
22
Q
What Is Conglomerates
A
A collection of different companies which may have been involved in business activities but all report to one parent company
23
Q
Economies Of Scale
A
The cost advantages that result from being the larger size or scales of the operation. (buying in bulk/ one marketing campaign)
24
Q
What Is Marketing
A
Marketing is the process of promoting, advertising and selling products and services
25
Global Marketer
Views the whole world as a single market
26
KoF Index
The KoF of globalisation (2011) is a ranking of the most global countries based on the 3 aspects of globalisation. (economical, political and social)
27
AT Kearney Index
Leading global management consulting firm. They work with 3/4 of the fortune global 500 and consult between companies, governments and charities to create a globalised economic world. The index is made by the company using 12 indicators across 4 categories. 62 countries are ranked between 1 (best) and 0 (worst) to indicate a countries global connectivity.
28
Global Financial Systems
* Internet allows investors to make better decisions based on a companies performance
* Investment banks have made new regulations that make FDI less risky
* Financial deregulations removed barriers to capital making the movement of money in and out of a country easier
* Investment banks exchange currencies between countries to allow trade across borders
29
Communications Systems And Internet Access
* Ways to communicate have become easier; technology, travel, language barriers removed, social media, BSL + ASL
* 50% of the world's population is still digitally illiterate
* A lack of internet use can hinder a countries development
* Internet can boost education which can create jobs in developing countires
30
How Is Transport Accelerating Globalisation
* Containerisation
* Increase in air transport has increased social and cultural globalisation
* High speed railways allow transportation of goods and people across continents
31
How Are Security Systems Accelerating Globalisation
* NATO accelerated political globalisation by joining countries and keeping peace
* In 1985 security measures on EU borders were dropped to increase travel and trade
* World Customs Organisation increase security of products to encourage more trade.
32
Examples Of Trading Blocks
EU
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
SADC (Southern African Development Committee)
33
Types Of Trade Unions
Preferential trade area
Free trade area
Customs union
Common market
34
What Is A Preferential Trade Area
Reduce or eliminate tariffs on selected goods
35
Free Trade Area
Reduced or eliminated tariffs on all products
36
Customs Union
The removal of tariff barriers between member countries plus the acceptance of a common external tariff against non members. This means that they may negotiate as a single block with 3rd parties
37
Common Market
The first step towards a full economic integration and occurs when member countries trade freely in all economic resources - not just tangible goods
38
World Bank
* Promotes economic development in developing countries
* Provides long-term investment loans for development projects with the aim of reducing poverty
* Acquires financial resources by borrowing from the international bond market
* Over 185 countries and always run by an American President.
39
IMF
* Oversees the global financial systems
* Offer financial assistance to its members
* Only provides loans if it will prevent global economic crisis
* Draws money from subscription from member countries
* 185 member countries
40
Positives Of International Labour
* Reduced unemployment where there is a lack of work
* Skills from one country can be transferred to another and help with development
* TNC's in developing countries
* Reduces global inequality
41
Negatives Of International Labour
* Loss of limited skilled workers
* Economic leakage (remittance)
* Political debates
* Outsourcing causes unemployment in HIC's
42
What Is Out-Sourcing
Large economic companies paying other companies to do part of production
43
Positives Of Out-Sourcing
* Cheaper for TNC's
* Creates job opportunities in LIC's
* Puts money into developing economies
* Cheaper product to buy
* Increases globalisation
44
Negatives Of Out-Sourcing
* Bad working conditions
* Exploitation
* Deindustrialisation
* Shut down of local businesses in LIC's due to TNC's taking over business
* Lower quality products
* Repatriation of profits
45
IPCC
UN body for assessing the science of climate change. Created to provide policy makers with up to date information. Does not do research, just assesses information. 195 member countries
46
The Gini Index + Lorenz Curve
Gini rates countries on a scale of 0-1, 0 being perfect equality. The closer to 1, the worse the score. The Lorenz curve is the actual line on the graph that shows the Gini score. The closer the curve is the the line of perfection, the more equal it is.
47
Example Of Unequal Geopolitical Power
* Developed countries have more power over the globe than developing countries.
* Countries that have gone through industrial revolution have a higher economy
* Power to be selective and push LIC's "into a corner"
* Some countries have natural resources that give them bigger power
* Large economies have power over trade
* Large military can give lots of power
48
Link Unequal Power To Climate Change
HIC's sign treaties to stop fossil fuels being used, which prevents LIC's from industrialising and developing
49
Security Council
The 5 permanent members have the power of Veto, the ability to just say no to sanctions against them.
50
Name The 5 Permanent Members Of The Security Counsel
```
USA
China
UK
Russia
France
```
51
Define Nationalism
The opposite of globalisation, wanting to keep to themselves
52
South China Sea - Unequal Power Case Study
| Importance Of The S.C.S
* Located between Mainland Asia and The Philippine islands
* Vital to maritime trade - link between India and Pacific Ocean
* $5 trillion in trade passes through (25% of oil transported on ship, 50% of liquified gas)
* Many local regions are poor in natural resources and rely on importing them
53
South China Sea - Case Study
| Mischief Island
It was created by the Chinese, who dredged, and destroyed coral reefs. They ground up the coral and deposited it on other coral to form an island that is big enough to survive high tide. They built a military base on top
54
South China Sea - Case Study
| Nine Dash Line
The nine-dash line is a map created by china in 1947 that shows that China controls 80%-90% of the SC sea. They still use this map to claim more nautical miles. This creates conflict because they use and violate other territorial waters.
55
South China Sea - Case Study
| Court Case Against China
In 2016 a court case was filed against China, they were accused of; violating rights against the Philippians' water; harming coral reefs in foreign waters; permanently destroying evidence of the natural conditions of disputing features
56
Primark Case Study
| Rana Plaza
In 2013 the Rana Plaza collapsed, killing 1,129 people. It was an 8 story commercial building that housed production factories for Primark, Gucci, Prada some others. the upper floors were not built to sustain the weight of the machinery. when workers raised their concern they were threatened to be fired.
57
Primark Case Study
| General Facts
* Clothing retail
* HQ in Ireland
* Primark's revenue is about £5.9 billion
* TNC's contribute to about 700,000 jobs world wide
58
Primark Case Study
| Global Division Of Labour
* Buy cotton from India, Pakistan, Brunei, Uzbekistan
* Manufactures clothing in Bangladesh and China
* Has stores across Europe and some in the USA
59
What Is Agglomeration
When companies in similar industries locate near to each other because of the benefits gained by sharing ideas and resources
60
What Is the Multiplier Effect
A situation where an initial Injection of investment or capital into an economy in turn creates additional income
61
What Is The United Nations
UN is the political integration of countries aimed at negotiating responses to problems that effect more then one country. They have only an advisory roll on how things affecting the world should be managed. They create norms, rules, laws, and regulations to manage issues.
62
Name Some Examples Of How The UN Helps
* Reduce Environmental Problems
* Solve Trade Inequalities
* Reduce poverty
* Manage financial instability
* Stop human rights violations and civil conflict
63
How Have The UN Encouraged Or Created Inequality
* Security council has the power of veto
* World bank ran by US, they may demand reduced tariffs as payment for loans
* IMF forces countries to make financial cuts to education / healthcare
64
Facts About The World Health Organisation
* Only Advisory
* Funded by its 194 member countries
* Critical roll in global response
* Not worlds doctor
* Preventing and responding to acute emergencies
65
Challenges Of The WHO
* Relies on contributions
* Governments not responding to advise appropriately
* Only advisory
* Religion (some religions are against medical aid)
* Increasing diseases due to climate change
66
What Is A Summit
A Summit is a meeting of heads of state or government to discuss important matters.
67
Millennium Development Goals
In 1992, the first summit in Rio was held to try and -globally- improve sustainable development. In this summit they focused on trying to solve each problem in isolation instead of trying the "2birds with one stone" approach. It did help however, extreme poverty has gone down by 30%, a 20% increase in accessibility to clean water.
68
Global Goals 2015
In 2015 global goals were set to universally end poverty, protect the planet, and bring peace and prosperity to the world by 2030. They used integrated solutions to solve more than one problem at a time.
69
What Is The Main Goal Of Free Trade
To trade between countries with no tariffs
70
Who Primarily Benefits From Free Trade
Local businesses and TNC's
71
What Is A Criticism Of Free Trade
We should have tariffs as a form of protectionism
72
What Major Actions Need To Be Taken In Order For Free Trade To Happen
The lowering and elimination of tariffs
73
What Is The Income Of The Producers In Free Trade Determined By
The sale of products in other countries
73
What Is The Income Of The Producers In Free Trade Determined By
The sale of products in other countries
74
Who Are Key Advocates For Free Trade
The WTO
75
What Is The Main Goal Of Fair Trade
To get fair pay to farmers who are often under payed for their work
76
Who Primarily Benefits From Fair Trade
Low payed farmers in developing countries
77
What Is A Criticism Of Fair Trade
Products will be more expensive and have to pay workers more
78
What Major Actions Need To Happen Make Fair Trade Work
Producers and consumers need to pay farmers a correct fair price
79
What Is Income Of The Producers In Fair Trade Determined By
The fair price for products
80
Who Are Key Advocates Of Fair Trade
The Fair Trade Foundation as well as others who want fair pay for farmers
81
What Was The Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol was the worlds first greenhouse gas emissions reduction treaty. The protocol legally bound developed countries to emission reduction targets
82
How Many Parties Signed The Kyoto Protocol And Who Did Not Sign
192 parties signed the protocol. The united States did not; it dropped out in 2001
83
What Is The Relationship Between Developing Countries And The Kyoto Protocol
Developing countries were asked to voluntarily comply. More than 100 developing countries, including China and India, were exempt from the treaty
84
What Was The Kyoto Credit System
The Kyoto treaty established an international system, which allows countries to earn credit towards their emission target by investing in emissions cleanups outside their own country
85
COP26 Case Study - What is Mitigation In Terms Of Climate Change
Mitigation is the reduction of the amount of emissions being released into the atmosphere
86
COP26 - The Positives Of Mitigation
* 90% of the worlds GDP is now covered by Net Zero commitments
* We move away from coal power
* Halt and reverse deforestation
* Reduce methane emissions
* Trying to keep temperatures from rising above 1.5 degrees
87
COP26 - Negatives Of Mitigation
* It only happens if countries take immediate action
* Immediately stop coal power
* Only 137 countries have agreed to stop climate change
88
COP26 - Define Adaptation
Adaptation is adapting to suit the changing environment
89
COP26 - Positive Adaptation
* 80 countries have increased their preparedness to climate change
* We will have doubled our 2019 adaptation levels by 2025
90
COP26 - Negative Adaptation
* The people most effected by climate change are the people who can't afford to adapt
* Adaptation is very expensive
* Asia and America (the 2 biggest emitters) not agreed to help with Adaptation
91
COP26 - Define What Finances Are In Relation To COP26
Finances is helping countries reach their climate change goal
92
COP26 - Positives Of Finances
* HIC's have delivered $100billion climate finance goal
* 34 countries and 5 public finance institutions will no longer fund the use of Fossil fuels
* Preventing climate change is cheaper than dealing with it
93
COP26 - Negatives Of Finances
* Need to urgently invest in adaptation techniques
* Finances are dependent on trust, which is hard in a competitive globe
* Countries are reluctant to give so much money towards climate change
* Only 34 countries will not fund fossil fuels
94
COP26 - Define Collaboration
Collaboration is the act of working together as a globe to tackle climate change
95
COP26 - Positives of Collaboration
* Breakthroughs will accelerate collaboration between governments
* Agreeing on enhanced transparency framework
96
COP26 - Negatives Of Collaboration
* Nationalist countries would be reluctant
* A lot of it is only voluntary
* Only 22 countries agreed to work together in shipping industries
97
Case Study / World Trade - Who Are The Main Producers of Coffee. And How Does This Differ From The Major Importers Of Coffee
Coffee is produced in warm countries, and is grown in the Caribbean and continents such as S.America, Asia and Africa
Importing countries are HIC's in non-tropical climates
98
Case Study / World Trade - Give Two Reasons Why Coffee Farming May Lead To Crop Failure
1) Coffee is susceptible to many diseases
| 2) Fluctuations in weather can cause crop failure
99
Case Study / World Trade - What Fluctuation In Coffee Farming And Production Can Effect The Prices
If too many farmers are producing coffee then the supply increases meaning there is a surplus coffee supply and prices drop. If demand for coffee is higher than the supply, then farmers are paid more for their produce
100
Case Study / World Trade - Give An Example Of The Effects Of Surplus Coffee Supply
In the 2000's many South American coffee businesses went out of business because Vietnamese coffee had vastly increased and the S. American business could not afford to produce coffee at such a low price
101
Case Study / World Trade - Why Do TNC's Receive the most profit in coffee trade
Only around 7-10% of the price of the finished product goes to farmers, because coffee farmers only sell the unprocessed beans, which is of low value. TNC's buy the beans and roast them, increasing the value - they receive the majority of the profit by selling the processed coffee to consumers
102
Case Study / World Trade - How Does Small Coffee Plants (businesses) Differ From TNC's
Coffee farmers are based in less developed countries, TNC's are mainly from developed countries - the profits go to developed countries rather than being reinvested in less developed countries. TNC's have more power over prices
103
Case Study / World Trade - What Is "Race To The Bottom"
Coffee producing countries compete to cut wages, labour regulation and environmental protection in order to attract TNC's
104
Case Study / World Trade - Ways The Fair Trade Foundation Supports Coffee Farmers
In 1992, the fair trade foundation was set up to promote brands that supported coffee farmers. Fair Trade coffee campaign has seen a lot of growth since it was founded. It has grown from 175 producers in 2002 to 329 in 2011. Setting a Fair Trade minimum price means producers have to be paid a certain amount. Prohibition of forced labour and child labour
105
What Is A Global Commons
A place or thing that is not owned by anyone
106
Define Depletion In Context Of Global Commons
The overexploitation of resources
107
Define Sustainability In The Context Of Global Commons
Protecting the global commons in a way that keeps it in good condition for future generations
108
Name Some Examples Of Global Commons
The High Oceans
The Atmosphere
Outer space
Antarctica
109
Explain What The Tragedy Of The Commons Is
The tragedy of the commons explains why shared "common access resources" of any type are likely to be overexploited. If individuals act independently and according to their self-interests, this will be contrary to the interest of the whole group because the shared resources will be delpeted
110
Name An Example Of A Tragedy Of Commons
The global fishing stocks, which have been overfished leading to depletion, marine pollution and loss of sustainability
111
What International Law Covers The High Seas
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
112
What International Law Covers The Atmosphere
The UN framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer and the Kyoto Protocol which sets limits on carbon emissions into the atmosphere
113
What International Law Covers Antarctica
The Antarctic Treaty Systems (ATS)
114
What International Law Covers Outer Space
The 1979 Moon Treaty which governs exploration and exploitation of its resources and the Treaty on the Principle Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space
115
What Is The Southern Ocean
In 2000 it was introduced as a new ocean. It is at 60 degrees latitude, totally encircling the continent of Antarctica and encompasses 360 degrees of longitude
116
Explain The Antarctic Convergence Zone
It's where northward flowing waters from the Antarctic meet with warmer
sub-Antarctic waters. It is approximately 40km wide. The cold northward flowing Antarctic waters sink beneath sub-Antarctic waters. This forms areas of mixing. Water that rises to the surface as a result of up welling currents is typically colder and rich in nutrients. This causes higher productivity in these waters, blooms of phytoplankton provide food for Krill - many species in the food chain rely on Krill
117
Explain The Antarctic Divergence
The Antarctic convergence zone leads to the largest surface current in the world called the Antarctic circumpolar current. It blocks warm water travelling southwards towards Antarctica. Also known as the West wind drift as it is driven by westerly winds. There is a lesser current called the East wind drift which flows in the opposite direction. Where these zones meet is known as the Antarctic Divergence
118
Outline The Physical Geography Of Antarctica
It is covered in mountains and rocky terrain. 97% of it is coved by glacial ice. The east and west are divided by the Transantarctic mountains. It is the coldest, windiest and driest continent, making it a polar desert
119
Name 3 Threats Of Antarctica
* Culling seals
* Search for minerals
* Whaling
120
Explain The Basics of Seal Culling
In the 1700's, the discovery of the islands of the southern ocean led to the start of exploitation. Seals were culled for their fur. Within 3 years over 300,000 had been killed and the population was practically eradicated
121
Explain The Relationship Between Minerals And The Antarctic
All commercial mining is completely banned. There are no current plans to ever exploit the Antarctic's resources. But many people question what will happen when we run out of resources everywhere else. The Antarctic has a high amount of varied minerals
122
Define Whaling And Explain How It Is Linked To The Antarctic
Whaling is the hunting and killing of Whales to sell and use. It began in the 19th century for oil and whale bones due to depletion in the North Atlantic Ocean. The whale population rapidly declined and many species became endangered. The International Whaling Commission completely banned whaling in 1985. However, Japan do still whale hunt
123
Explain The Link Between Japan And Whaling
Even though whaling is completely banned globally, Japan still capture whales. They still hunt hundreds of whales every year, claiming it is for "scientific research" but these whale always end up dead and being sold. In 2018 they killed 333 whales, 50 of which where in the Antarctic Marine Protection Area. 122 of the 333 whales were pregnant female whales
124
Stores Of The Lithosphere
Marine sediment
Soil organic matter
Fossil Fuels
Peat
125
Stores Of Hydrosphere
Surface layer
Deep water
Living matter
Living matter
Shells
126
Facts About Sealing in Antarctica
First started in south Georgia
300,000 seals killed in 3 years
Nearly became extinct
By 20th century seal was regarded as commercially extinct
But a small population continued to exist on South Georgia
In 1976 the population is back ton 100,000
Protected by CITIES acts
127
Facts About Whailing
Began in 1900's
By 1910 50% of whales were caught from Antarctica
IWC international whaling community 1949
Not very effective
Whaling declined after profits fell due to lack of whales
128
How Much Would Sea Levels Rise If All Of The Antarctic Melted
61 Meters. Would Flood all of UK, New York, Japan and much much more
129
What are the definitions of place BULL CARD
Place can be seen as a definite location on a map or it may refer to the description of the human and physical characteristics of a particular location
130
What are the three aspects of place
Location, locale and sense of place
131
Define Locale
this is the place where something happens or is set, or that has particular events associated with it
132
Define Location
"Where" a place is, for example, the co-ordinates on a map
133
Define meaning
Meaning relates to individual or collective perceptions of a place
134
Define Placemaking
The deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interactions and improve the communities quality of life
135
Define Sense of place
This refers to the subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place. People develop sense of place through experience and knowledge of a place
136
Define Homogenised
Places that are very similar to other places often due to globalisation
137
What is localisation of place
Places trying to stay independent and not be effected by large corporate businesses
138
What is insider and outsider perspectives
To be an insider to a place is to belong to it and identify with it, and the more profoundly inside you are the stronger you identify with the place. An outsider is someone who has does not identify with a place or feels like they do not belong to a place
139
What factors may effect how much a person feels like they belong in a place
Gender, race, ethnicity, religion, politics, socio-economic status and sexuality
140
Define Diaspora
A group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
141
Endogenous factors
Characteristics of a place or factors which have originated internally
142
Exogenous factors
The relationship of one place with another and the external factors which affect this
143
What is Infrastructure
The services considered essential to enable or enhance living conditions (transport, communications, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, education, healthcare, law enforcement and emergency services)
144
Places are shaped by the shifting flows of ...
*People
*Resources
*Money and investment
*Ideas
145
Define Agents of change
These are the people who impact on a place (residents, community groups, corporate entities, central and local government and the media
146
Define Perception of place
Way in which place is viewed or regarded by people
147
Define Representation
How a place is portrayed or 'seen' in society
148
Ways in Which our Perception of a place may be shaped
*Advertisement or tourist agency material
*Local exhibitions of art, film or photography
*Poetry
*Song
149
What are the components of urban re-branding
Re-imaging, rebranding, regeneration
150
Brick Lane - Case Study: Brief history of the population of Brick Lane BULL CARD
17th century, French Huguenots
151
Hessle Road - Case Study: Brief history of Hull
1700's: outlet for manufactured goods, Whaling, ship building
1800's: Whaling declined, fishing boomed, 3 docks in Hull, more ship building
1900's: Council houses built, slums cleared,
152
Hessle Road - Case Study: Two up two down
Terraced housing with two rooms upstairs and two down stairs. by 1950's regarded as slums. Landlords refused to do repairs because they knew the buildings would be knocked down soon.
153
Hessle Road - Case Study: 70's Cod Wars
Hull most hard hit
Iceland put 200 mile exclusion zone around it for no fishing
Other countries encouraged England not to fight back because of NATO base in Iceland
Fishing industry collapsed
154
Hessle Road - Case Study: life expectancy of people in St Andrews ward
69 for woman (6 years less than rest of Hull). 74 for men (7 years less than rest of Hull)
155
Hessle Road - Case Study: Recent Immigration
A lot of eastern Europeans, mostly Romanian
156
Hessle Road - Case Study: Suburbanization
Total redevelopment (slum clearance in Hessle Road Area) also led to the growth of outer city council estates, developed in the 1960s and 1970s.
157
Hessle Road - Case Study: Counter-urbanisation
Surrounding villages grow as people move out of Hull- transport is easier. Villages further away also begin to expand.
158
Hessle Road - Case Study: Government Policies
1866 sanitary act
1888 local government act
1909 housing and town planning act
Total redevelopment 1960's
159
Hessle Road - Case Study: 1866 sanitary act
By 1866 the Sanitary Act was passed and implemented. The act was primarily to give local authorities the resources to provide adequate sanitation and clean water faculties
160
Hessle Road - Case Study: 1888 Local Government act
Another significant act to come into the statute was the first Local Government Act of 1888. This set the foundations on the modern Public Health Authority. Local Government was for the first time widely responsible for the provisions of local services including health, infrastructure, hospitals, administration and business
161
Hessle Road - Case Study: 1909 Housing and town planning act
Improvements to housing stocks came at the beginning of the twentieth century when the Housing and Town Planning Act was introduced in 1909. In Hull, the act initially did not improve the situation of poor housing due to the reluctance to demolish and rebuild new stocks. Until projects of total redevelopment and gradual renewal began- shaping the character of the area and consequently the people in the area.
162
Hessle Road - Case Study: Total Redevelopment
Total redevelopment- Slum clearance. The whole south side of Hessle Road was Totally redeveloped in the 1960s, commerce and new factory units replaced terraced housing.
163
Hessle Road - Case Study: Housing Action Area
local government can heavily pressure landlords into improving homes and providing adequate facilities. 75% grants for improvements. Improvements added to area by council, encouraged private contractors to invest in the area.
164
Hessle Road - Case Study: Housing Action Area - Success?
* Overall, the HAA was a great success and succeeded in saving Coltman Street through a combination of refurbishment, selective demolition and new build.
* On the downside, the HAA lead to a large number of houses being turned over to multiple occupancy – leading to a high turnover in population and a loss of sense of pride, community and belonging.
* As before, however, there were people in the area that still cared about the Street and in November 1998 a Neighborhood Watch Group was set up.
* This was closely followed by the establishment of the Coltman Street ‘Village’ Project (CSVP) in 2000. Aimed at re-establishing a sense of pride, community and belonging, the CSVP set up a dedicated website for Coltman Street (at www.coltmanstreet.co.uk) and began an annual Street party – all with the aim of making Coltman Street a ‘good address’ once more.
165
Hessle Road - Case Study: Regeneration of St Andrews Ward
Identified as most problematic area of Hull
9,000 dwellings, all of which older than 1919
60's-70's slums were cleared and new houses were built
Between 2002 and 2011 Hull had Housing Market Renewal ‘Pathfinder’ status, backed by Government funding. Intervention by the Gateway Pathfinder housing regeneration programme led to large-scale renewal in the failing housing market areas of Newington & St Andrew's in west Hull.
