Hazards Topic

Question 1

Define Hazard

Answer 1

A threat which has the potential to cause injury, damage to property, socio-economic disruption or environmental degragation

Question 2

Define Disaster

Answer 2

The realization of a hazard. When an event that had the potential to cause harm, actually does

Question 3

Define Perception

Answer 3

This is the way in which an individual or a group of people view the threat of a hazard event. This will ultimately determine the course of action taken by individuals

Question 4

Define Geophysical Hazard

Answer 4

A Hazard which is driven by the earth’s own internal energy sources or geological and geomorphological processes

Question 5

Define Atmospheric Hazards

Answer 5

A hazard driven by processes in the atmosphere. E.g: tropical storm

Question 6

Define Hydrological Hazard

Answer 6

A hazard driven by water bodies. E.g: flooding

Question 7

Define Fatalism

Answer 7

The view that people cannot influence the event so nothing can be done. The outcome of the even is seen as “God’s will”

Question 8

Define Prediction

Answer 8

The ability to give warnings so that actions can be taken to reduce the impact of hazard events

Question 9

Define Adaptation

Answer 9

In the context of hazards, adaptation is the attempts by people or communities to live with a hazard event by adjusting their living conditions

Question 10

Define Mitigation

Answer 10

The action of reducing the severity or seriousness of something

Question 11

What Are The Three Stages Of The Park Impact/Response Model

Answer 11

Normality. Disruption. Recovery

Question 12

What Are The Four “Layers” Of Earth

Answer 12

Inner core
Liquid outer core
Mantle
Crust

Question 13

What Is The Mesosphere

Answer 13

Another name for the mantle, at 350km and deeper, the mesosphere hot but stronger due to high pressure

Question 14

What Is The Asthenosphere

Answer 14

Between 100-350km into the earth, it is hot, weak and plastic

Question 15

What Is The Lithosphere

Answer 15

It is the surface of Earth, between 0 and 100km deep. It is cool, rigid and brittle

Question 16

What Is The Difference Between Continental And Oceanic Crust

Answer 16

Oceanic crust is much thinner than continental crust. Continental crust is much more dense than oceanic crust. Continental crust is also a lot older than oceanic crust

Question 17

What Evidence Is There Of Tectonic Plate Movement

Answer 17

Jigsaw theory: all the continents look like they ‘slot’ together
Fossils: fossils of animals that cannot travel across oceans have been found on different continents, meaning they were once close enough to have animals travel across them
Coal: Coal in the UK should not exist, coal is formed in tropical climates, which means for coal in the UK to exist, the UK once had to have been closer to the equator

Question 18

Explain Ocean Ridges

Answer 18

*Formed at constructive plate boundaries underwater
*Due to convection currents pulling two plates apart
*Basaltic lava rises out the gap
*As it cools on top of old land, it builds it upwards to form a ridge that can span entire oceans

Question 19

Explain Volcanic Islands

Answer 19

*habitable landmasses made of cooled lava
*When a volcano erupts, the lava spreads outwards but also builds upwards
*The built up lava eventually emerges from the ocean to form an island
*Examples are Hawaii and Iceland

Question 20

Explain Sea Mounts and Guyots

Answer 20

Sea mounts are large geological landforms that rise from the ocean floor but do not reach the waters surface, typically formed from extinct volcanos
Guyots are flat topped mountains that are extinct volcanos. They used to be volcanic islands but over the years have been eroded down and are now back underwater

Question 21

What Is A Shield Volcano

Answer 21

A shield volcano is a domed volcano with gently slopping sides, characteristics of the eruption of fluid, basaltic lava

Question 22

Explain Hot Spots

Answer 22

Hot spots are areas of volcanic activity in the middle of a plate. The theory behind them is that a mantle plume (the rise of hot magma outside of the normal convection current) spills hot lava out of a thin part of the crust (usually oceanic). The rising lava forms volcanic islands to form. However, as the plate moves over the top of the mantle plume, chain islands are formed and the further the island from the plume, the less likely it is to erupt.

Question 23

What Is Meant By Subduction

Answer 23

Subduction is where one plate is pushed underneath another by the convection currents in the Earth’s mantle

Question 24

Why Is There No Major Volcanic Activity At A Continental Collision

Answer 24

Because, unlike at destructive plate boundaries that occur with at least one oceanic crust, the two plates push together and push upwards to form mountain ranges. Because of how thick the crust is, no lava reaches the surface and creates volcanic activity. At most, there will be some geothermal activity

Question 25

What Hazard (Besides Earthquakes) Is Likely To Occur At Oceanic Plate Boundaries

Answer 25

Tsunamis

Question 26

What Are The Two Ways In Which Conservative Plate Boundaries Can Move

Answer 26

Next to each other. Or. One moving upwards, one moving downwards