Contemporary Urban Environments

Question 1

Define Trend

Answer 1

Changers over time

Question 2

Define Urbanisation

Answer 2

The demographic transition or change from rural areas to urban areas. Urbanisation is defined as “the increasing population of people that live in towns or cities” and can be viewed at reginal, national, continental and international scales.

Question 3

Define Urban Growth

Answer 3

The increase in the total population of a town or city

Question 4

Define Urban Expansion / Sprawl

Answer 4

The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city

Question 5

Define Contemporary

Answer 5

Modern or current. When studying this unit, you need to consider the processes occurring currently in relation to the world’s towns and cities

Question 6

Define Mega Cities

Answer 6

Over 10 million people liver there, only about 30 of them currently

Question 7

Define Meta Cities

Answer 7

Over 20 million people live there, only about 9 of them currently

Question 8

What Is A Push Factor And Give Examples

Answer 8

Push factors are factors that cause people to move away from rural areas. Examples are, climate change, war, lack of services

Question 9

What Is A Pull Factor And Give Examples

Answer 9

Pull factors are factors that attracts people to urban areas. Examples are, employment, health, education opportunities, more stability

Question 10

List Some Consequences Of Urbanisation

Answer 10

*Urban sprawl
*Shortage of housing in LIC’s
*Shortage of affordable housing in HIC’s
*Lack of urban services and waste disposal
* Unemployment and under employment
*Transport issues

Question 11

Define World City

Answer 11

A city that has political and financial influence over the whole world. Most are in HIC’s but many are in emerging economies

Question 12

What Are The Characteristics Of A World City

Answer 12

*Centers for banking and finance
*Dominate international trade and reginal economics
*Excellent transport links, world- renowned universities, centers for science and innovation
*Centers for culture, theaters, museums, and other cultural attractions
*Attract high numbers of people from other countires

Question 13

Define Suburbanisation

Answer 13

Migration of people from city centers and inner city areas to the outer skirts of cities

Question 14

Why Does Suburbanisation Occur

Answer 14

*As urbanisation increases, city centers become overcrowded and people desire more space. Improvement in transport links means people can live further away and commute to work.
*Many choose to do this when they have families or retire
*Wealthy, middle-class people may move to the suburbs where there is a better quality of life. Those left behind are power and may include foreign immigrants. This can lead to economical and ethical segregation

Question 15

Define Counter-Urbanisation

Answer 15

This is the movement of people out of the city into surrounding villages and rural areas. Rural areas beyond the city grow

Question 16

Explain Why Counter-Urbanisation Occurs

Answer 16

*Improved transportation and better communications means people can commute to work from home
*Many middle-aged families move from more green space, quieter areas, and a slower pace of life
*Can lead to new housing estates in rural areas. House prices can subsequently increase, meaning young, local, village born people can’t afford to live there
* This can lead to the closure of bus services, post offices, churches, and small shops there to serve the rural community as the new residents have the wealth and mobility to use urban services at a distance

Question 17

Define Urban Resurgence

Answer 17

This is the movement of people back into the city center after a period of decline

Question 18

Define Deindustrialisation

Answer 18

Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector

Question 19

Define Decentralisation

Answer 19

The movement of population, shops, offices and industry away from urban centers in HIC’s and NEE’s into housing estates, retail and business parks into the suburbs and on the fringe of cities

Question 20

Explain The Rise Of The Service Sector

Answer 20

The rise of the service sector can be linked to urban resurgence in UK cities. It has gone a long way to reduce the unemployment caused by deindustrialisation

Question 21

Name The Two Types Of Service Sector And Examples Of Them

Answer 21

Tertiary: finance, retail, leisure, transport, education, health
Quaternary: where knowledge and ideas meet output, such as advertising, computer programing, software design

Question 22

Explain The Cycle Of The Multipliers Effect

Answer 22

New economic activity
More employment
More disposable income

Question 23

Explain The Cycle Of The Demultiplier Effect

Answer 23

Less economic activity
Less jobs
Unemployment
Less disposable income

Question 24

What Are Urban Policies

Answer 24

Urban policies relate to the strategies chosen by local or central governments to manage the development of urban areas and to reduce urban problems

Question 25

Explain Town Centers Mixed Development

Answer 25

The aim of town centers mixed development is to draw consumers back through adding a diverse range of service functions.

Question 26

Explain Cultural Heritage Quaters

Answer 26

Locations that have sought to rebrand as cultural quarters. This requires cultural production (art, music, film, design) and / or cultural consumption (theater, festivals, food)

Question 27

What Are Edge Cities

Answer 27

Edge cities develop on the periphery of existing cities

Question 28

What Is Post Modernism

Answer 28

The term is used to describe changes that took place in western society and culture in the late twentieth century, it mainly concerned art and architecture

Question 29

What Are The Characteristics Of A Post Modern City

Answer 29

*More fragmented urban form comprising independent settlements, economies, societies and culture *A greater emphasis on services and knowledge based industries *Usually lots of jobs in technological industries *Eclectic and varied architecture *"Must see" developments *Ethnic diversity

Question 30

What Is Urban Social Exclusion

Answer 30

Problems faced by people in areas of multiple deprivation Lack of access to: *Decent jobs *Decent housing *Decent education *Decent health *Decent living environment

Question 31

What Is Social Segregation

Answer 31

The separation or isolation of a class, race, ethnic group or gender

Question 32

List Some Examples Of Internal Factors Of Segregation (Self-Segregation)

Answer 32

*Migrants seek the support and security of living near friends and family within an ethnic minority community *Provision of specialist facilities such as places of worship *Protection against racial abuse *Maintenance of culture, language and traditions

Question 33

List Some Examples Of External Factors Of Segregation

Answer 33

*Traditionally, migrants have been the source of cheap labour forcing them into areas of cheap housing *Ethnic minorities have been discriminated against in access to local authority housing. *Hostility from majority population *Movement of the majority population out of the area

Question 34

What Does The Burgess Model Predict About Social Segregation

Answer 34

That urban areas would be split up into ethnic minority areas

Question 35

What Is The Problem With The Burgess Model

Answer 35

Did not take into account processes like suburbanization and reurbanization

Question 36

London 2017 Poverty Profile

Answer 36

Incomes in London are more unequal than any other region. The richest 10% own just over 50% of wealth.

Question 37

Inequality in London

Answer 37

London is known as a 'city of two halves' and this inequality has increased over the last decade more than any other English region. However, the percentage of Londoners living in poverty has decreased from 29% to 27% in the last 6 years.