Contemporary Urban Environments Flashcards
Define Trend
Changers over time
Define Urbanisation
The demographic transition or change from rural areas to urban areas. Urbanisation is defined as “the increasing population of people that live in towns or cities” and can be viewed at reginal, national, continental and international scales.
Define Urban Growth
The increase in the total population of a town or city
Define Urban Expansion / Sprawl
The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city
Define Contemporary
Modern or current. When studying this unit, you need to consider the processes occurring currently in relation to the world’s towns and cities
Define Mega Cities
Over 10 million people liver there, only about 30 of them currently
Define Meta Cities
Over 20 million people live there, only about 9 of them currently
What Is A Push Factor And Give Examples
Push factors are factors that cause people to move away from rural areas. Examples are, climate change, war, lack of services
What Is A Pull Factor And Give Examples
Pull factors are factors that attracts people to urban areas. Examples are, employment, health, education opportunities, more stability
List Some Consequences Of Urbanisation
*Urban sprawl
*Shortage of housing in LIC’s
*Shortage of affordable housing in HIC’s
*Lack of urban services and waste disposal
* Unemployment and under employment
*Transport issues
Define World City
A city that has political and financial influence over the whole world. Most are in HIC’s but many are in emerging economies
What Are The Characteristics Of A World City
*Centers for banking and finance
*Dominate international trade and reginal economics
*Excellent transport links, world- renowned universities, centers for science and innovation
*Centers for culture, theaters, museums, and other cultural attractions
*Attract high numbers of people from other countires
Define Suburbanisation
Migration of people from city centers and inner city areas to the outer skirts of cities
Why Does Suburbanisation Occur
*As urbanisation increases, city centers become overcrowded and people desire more space. Improvement in transport links means people can live further away and commute to work.
*Many choose to do this when they have families or retire
*Wealthy, middle-class people may move to the suburbs where there is a better quality of life. Those left behind are power and may include foreign immigrants. This can lead to economical and ethical segregation
Define Counter-Urbanisation
This is the movement of people out of the city into surrounding villages and rural areas. Rural areas beyond the city grow
Explain Why Counter-Urbanisation Occurs
*Improved transportation and better communications means people can commute to work from home
*Many middle-aged families move from more green space, quieter areas, and a slower pace of life
*Can lead to new housing estates in rural areas. House prices can subsequently increase, meaning young, local, village born people can’t afford to live there
* This can lead to the closure of bus services, post offices, churches, and small shops there to serve the rural community as the new residents have the wealth and mobility to use urban services at a distance
Define Urban Resurgence
This is the movement of people back into the city center after a period of decline
Define Deindustrialisation
Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector
Define Decentralisation
The movement of population, shops, offices and industry away from urban centers in HIC’s and NEE’s into housing estates, retail and business parks into the suburbs and on the fringe of cities
Explain The Rise Of The Service Sector
The rise of the service sector can be linked to urban resurgence in UK cities. It has gone a long way to reduce the unemployment caused by deindustrialisation
Name The Two Types Of Service Sector And Examples Of Them
Tertiary: finance, retail, leisure, transport, education, health
Quaternary: where knowledge and ideas meet output, such as advertising, computer programing, software design
Explain The Cycle Of The Multipliers Effect
New economic activity
More employment
More disposable income
Explain The Cycle Of The Demultiplier Effect
Less economic activity
Less jobs
Unemployment
Less disposable income
What Are Urban Policies
Urban policies relate to the strategies chosen by local or central governments to manage the development of urban areas and to reduce urban problems
Explain Town Centers Mixed Development
The aim of town centers mixed development is to draw consumers back through adding a diverse range of service functions.
Explain Cultural Heritage Quaters
Locations that have sought to rebrand as cultural quarters. This requires cultural production (art, music, film, design) and / or cultural consumption (theater, festivals, food)
What Are Edge Cities
Edge cities develop on the periphery of existing cities
What Is Post Modernism
The term is used to describe changes that took place in western society and culture in the late twentieth century, it mainly concerned art and architecture
What Are The Characteristics Of A Post Modern City
*More fragmented urban form comprising independent settlements, economies, societies and culture
*A greater emphasis on services and knowledge based industries
*Usually lots of jobs in technological industries
*Eclectic and varied architecture
*“Must see” developments
*Ethnic diversity
What Is Urban Social Exclusion
Problems faced by people in areas of multiple deprivation
Lack of access to:
*Decent jobs
*Decent housing
*Decent education
*Decent health
*Decent living environment
What Is Social Segregation
The separation or isolation of a class, race, ethnic group or gender
List Some Examples Of Internal Factors Of Segregation (Self-Segregation)
*Migrants seek the support and security of living near friends and family within an ethnic minority community
*Provision of specialist facilities such as places of worship
*Protection against racial abuse
*Maintenance of culture, language and traditions
List Some Examples Of External Factors Of Segregation
*Traditionally, migrants have been the source of cheap labour forcing them into areas of cheap housing
*Ethnic minorities have been discriminated against in access to local authority housing.
*Hostility from majority population
*Movement of the majority population out of the area
What Does The Burgess Model Predict About Social Segregation
That urban areas would be split up into ethnic minority areas
What Is The Problem With The Burgess Model
Did not take into account processes like suburbanization and reurbanization
London 2017 Poverty Profile
Incomes in
London are more unequal than any
other region. The richest 10% own
just over 50% of wealth.
Inequality in London
London is known as a ‘city of two
halves’ and this inequality has
increased over the last decade more
than any other English region.
However, the percentage of Londoners
living in poverty has decreased from
29% to 27% in the last 6 years.
