Contemporary Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Trend

A

Changers over time

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2
Q

Define Urbanisation

A

The demographic transition or change from rural areas to urban areas. Urbanisation is defined as “the increasing population of people that live in towns or cities” and can be viewed at reginal, national, continental and international scales.

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3
Q

Define Urban Growth

A

The increase in the total population of a town or city

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4
Q

Define Urban Expansion / Sprawl

A

The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city

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5
Q

Define Contemporary

A

Modern or current. When studying this unit, you need to consider the processes occurring currently in relation to the world’s towns and cities

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6
Q

Define Mega Cities

A

Over 10 million people liver there, only about 30 of them currently

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7
Q

Define Meta Cities

A

Over 20 million people live there, only about 9 of them currently

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8
Q

What Is A Push Factor And Give Examples

A

Push factors are factors that cause people to move away from rural areas. Examples are, climate change, war, lack of services

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9
Q

What Is A Pull Factor And Give Examples

A

Pull factors are factors that attracts people to urban areas. Examples are, employment, health, education opportunities, more stability

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10
Q

List Some Consequences Of Urbanisation

A

*Urban sprawl
*Shortage of housing in LIC’s
*Shortage of affordable housing in HIC’s
*Lack of urban services and waste disposal
* Unemployment and under employment
*Transport issues

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11
Q

Define World City

A

A city that has political and financial influence over the whole world. Most are in HIC’s but many are in emerging economies

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12
Q

What Are The Characteristics Of A World City

A

*Centers for banking and finance
*Dominate international trade and reginal economics
*Excellent transport links, world- renowned universities, centers for science and innovation
*Centers for culture, theaters, museums, and other cultural attractions
*Attract high numbers of people from other countires

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13
Q

Define Suburbanisation

A

Migration of people from city centers and inner city areas to the outer skirts of cities

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14
Q

Why Does Suburbanisation Occur

A

*As urbanisation increases, city centers become overcrowded and people desire more space. Improvement in transport links means people can live further away and commute to work.
*Many choose to do this when they have families or retire
*Wealthy, middle-class people may move to the suburbs where there is a better quality of life. Those left behind are power and may include foreign immigrants. This can lead to economical and ethical segregation

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15
Q

Define Counter-Urbanisation

A

This is the movement of people out of the city into surrounding villages and rural areas. Rural areas beyond the city grow

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16
Q

Explain Why Counter-Urbanisation Occurs

A

*Improved transportation and better communications means people can commute to work from home
*Many middle-aged families move from more green space, quieter areas, and a slower pace of life
*Can lead to new housing estates in rural areas. House prices can subsequently increase, meaning young, local, village born people can’t afford to live there
* This can lead to the closure of bus services, post offices, churches, and small shops there to serve the rural community as the new residents have the wealth and mobility to use urban services at a distance

17
Q

Define Urban Resurgence

A

This is the movement of people back into the city center after a period of decline

18
Q

Define Deindustrialisation

A

Refers to the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector

19
Q

Define Decentralisation

A

The movement of population, shops, offices and industry away from urban centers in HIC’s and NEE’s into housing estates, retail and business parks into the suburbs and on the fringe of cities

20
Q

Explain The Rise Of The Service Sector

A

The rise of the service sector can be linked to urban resurgence in UK cities. It has gone a long way to reduce the unemployment caused by deindustrialisation

21
Q

Name The Two Types Of Service Sector And Examples Of Them

A

Tertiary: finance, retail, leisure, transport, education, health
Quaternary: where knowledge and ideas meet output, such as advertising, computer programing, software design

22
Q

Explain The Cycle Of The Multipliers Effect

A

New economic activity
More employment
More disposable income

23
Q

Explain The Cycle Of The Demultiplier Effect

A

Less economic activity
Less jobs
Unemployment
Less disposable income

24
Q

What Are Urban Policies

A

Urban policies relate to the strategies chosen by local or central governments to manage the development of urban areas and to reduce urban problems

25
Q

Explain Town Centers Mixed Development

A

The aim of town centers mixed development is to draw consumers back through adding a diverse range of service functions.

26
Q

Explain Cultural Heritage Quaters

A

Locations that have sought to rebrand as cultural quarters. This requires cultural production (art, music, film, design) and / or cultural consumption (theater, festivals, food)

27
Q

What Are Edge Cities

A

Edge cities develop on the periphery of existing cities

28
Q

What Is Post Modernism

A

The term is used to describe changes that took place in western society and culture in the late twentieth century, it mainly concerned art and architecture

29
Q

What Are The Characteristics Of A Post Modern City

A

*More fragmented urban form comprising independent settlements, economies, societies and culture
*A greater emphasis on services and knowledge based industries
*Usually lots of jobs in technological industries
*Eclectic and varied architecture
*“Must see” developments
*Ethnic diversity

30
Q

What Is Urban Social Exclusion

A

Problems faced by people in areas of multiple deprivation
Lack of access to:
*Decent jobs
*Decent housing
*Decent education
*Decent health
*Decent living environment

31
Q

What Is Social Segregation

A

The separation or isolation of a class, race, ethnic group or gender

32
Q

List Some Examples Of Internal Factors Of Segregation (Self-Segregation)

A

*Migrants seek the support and security of living near friends and family within an ethnic minority community
*Provision of specialist facilities such as places of worship
*Protection against racial abuse
*Maintenance of culture, language and traditions

33
Q

List Some Examples Of External Factors Of Segregation

A

*Traditionally, migrants have been the source of cheap labour forcing them into areas of cheap housing
*Ethnic minorities have been discriminated against in access to local authority housing.
*Hostility from majority population
*Movement of the majority population out of the area

34
Q

What Does The Burgess Model Predict About Social Segregation

A

That urban areas would be split up into ethnic minority areas

35
Q

What Is The Problem With The Burgess Model

A

Did not take into account processes like suburbanization and reurbanization

36
Q

London 2017 Poverty Profile

A

Incomes in
London are more unequal than any
other region. The richest 10% own
just over 50% of wealth.

37
Q

Inequality in London

A

London is known as a ‘city of two
halves’ and this inequality has
increased over the last decade more
than any other English region.
However, the percentage of Londoners
living in poverty has decreased from
29% to 27% in the last 6 years.