human geo unit 7

Question 1

primary activities

Answer 1

basic, essential, and extractive; taking something from the earth ex: forestry, minerals, and raw materials

Question 2

secondary activities

Answer 2

process the item or manufacture something from primary activities, such as industry

Question 3

tertiary activities

Answer 3

revolve around the idea of providing a service, aka soft skills

Question 4

quaternary activities

Answer 4

involve processing of information, especially areas of finance, insure and real estate(FIRE)

Question 5

quinary activities

Answer 5

characterized by decision making, such as executives, or those serve the government roles

Question 6

globalized economy

Answer 6

shaped by the process of labour costs and innovations in transportations

Question 7

labour costs

Answer 7

are lower in areas of the world that are “emerging economies” so companies will be interested in building factories in those locations

Question 8

least cost theory

Answer 8

• Alfred weber

- analyzes locations for the industry

Question 9

bulk reducing

Answer 9

process objects to make them smaller and cheaper to move(pop in boxes)

Question 10

bulk gaining

Answer 10

process objects to make them bigger, heavies(pop bottles)

Question 11

gross domestic product(GDP)

Answer 11

the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year

Question 12

gross national product(GNP)

Answer 12

measures of the value of goods and services produced by countries citizens both domestically and abroad

Question 13

gross national income per capita(GNI)

Answer 13

the GNP divided by a country’s population so there is a estimated income per person

Question 14

formal and informal structures of the economy

Answer 14

• formal is taxed and regulated by the government
• informal is not taxed or regulated by the government(makes up a significant portion of the economy in developing countries)

Question 15

income distribution

Answer 15

some seemingly wealthy countries can have uneven income distribution

Question 16

the gender inequality index(GII)

Answer 16

measures gender inequality, and looks at reproductive health, indices of empowerment, and labor-market participation(the lower the better)

Question 17

the human development index(HDI)

Answer 17

examines three features of a country’s development: long and healthy life, knowledge, and the standard of living (closer to one, the better)

Question 18

microloans

Answer 18

small loans given to people in developing countries to help improve the economy

Question 19

Rostaw’s Stages of Economic Growth

Answer 19

• assumed that all countries were capable of modernizing
• based of assumptions of western countries, such as Britain
• believed that for countries to develop, they would have to follow the stages of economic growth
  stages:
• traditional society
• the preconditions for takeoff
• drive to maturity
• age of mass consumption

Question 20

Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

Answer 20

• believed that in the global economy countries were interdependent on each other
• some countries will exploit each other

Question 21

periphery countries

Answer 21

underdeveloped and tend to export raw materials ex: sub-saharan africa, central asia

Question 22

core countries

Answer 22

Australia, Canada, USA, Western Europe, Japan

Question 23

semi-periphery

Answer 23

newly industrialized countries, and tend to export raw goods as well as manufactures goods ex: India, Brazil, South Africa, China

Question 24

Dependency Theory

Answer 24

the idea that resources flow from underdeveloped states(periphery countries) to wealthy states(core countries)

Question 25

commodity

Answer 25

raw materials or agricultural products

Question 26

commodity dependence

Answer 26

a country is considered commodity dependent when more than 60% of its raw materials are being exported

Question 27

neo-liberalism

Answer 27

the idea of economies being set up to promote free trade, instead of private government control

Question 28

outsourcing

Answer 28

moving jobs in manufacturing and production, as well as jobs in services, outside an area or country in which a company is located

Question 29

economic restructuring

Answer 29

urban areas shift from manufacturing industry and factories to a service section economic base

Question 30

special economic zone

Answer 30

an area of a country where business and trade laws are different other regions of a country

Question 31

free trade zone

Answer 31

usually an area around an airport or seaport where goods can be landed, stored, handled, manufactured, and re-exported

Question 32

export processing zones

Answer 32

typically in developing countries that focus on manufacturing for export. the government may offer free trade conditions or other exemptions as incentives to encourage companies to set up shops and manufacture goods to export

Question 33

post Fordism methods of production

Answer 33

automation, robots, and computer systems replace the human assembly line

Question 34

just in time delivery

Answer 34

companies receive raw materials or good only as they need them for production process

Question 35

growth poles

Answer 35

concentration of highly innovative and technically advanced industries

Question 36

multiplier effects

Answer 36

additional economic opportunities than can be generated

ex: corporations deciding to establish in new locations will create other economic benefits

Question 37

agglomeration

Answer 37

clustering similar industries in the same area

Question 38

economies of scale

Answer 38

increasing production and lowering costs

Question 39

ecotourism

Answer 39

based in natural environments(physical geography such as oceans or mountains)- often environments that are threatened by looming industrialization, development of human interactions with the landscape