human geo unit 5

Question 1

two driving factors that have always shaped agriculture

Answer 1

1. physical geography

2. economics

Question 2

intensive farming

Answer 2

agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to space being used

Question 3

market gardening: intensive farming practice

Answer 3

• fruit farming
• mostly found in California
• most produce grown today is sold to companies to be frozen or canned

Question 4

plantation agriculture: intensive farming practice

Answer 4

• producing crops for profit
• large commercial farms that specialize in one crop
• intensive and exploit cheap labour

Question 5

mixed crop and livestock: intensive farming practice

Answer 5

• majority of crops grown are fed directly to livestock
• used to fatten the animals to kill
• the most common type of agriculture in developed countries

Question 6

extensive farming

Answer 6

agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and paid labour relative to the amount of space being used

Question 7

hunting and gathering: extensive farming practice

Answer 7

• the earliest form of obtaining food

- gender role specific: men hunt, women gather

Question 8

pastoral nomadism: extensive farming practice

Answer 8

• a form of subsistence farming

- people travel from place to place with their herds of domesticated animals depending on their culture and climate

Question 9

transhumance

Answer 9

seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter

Question 10

shifting cultivation: extensive farming practice

Answer 10

• a from of subsistence farming where farmers(usually in tropical regions) move from field to field which is called shifting cultivation
• also known as slash and burn agriculture
• on cleared land, they plant and harvest crops until the soil becomes less fertile, then they repeat the process

Question 11

livestock ranching: extensive farming practice

Answer 11

• the commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area
• similar to pastoral nomadism

Question 12

rural settlement patterns

Answer 12

shape different rural land-use patterns. classified as clustered, dispersed, or linear

Question 13

clustered: rural settlement pattern

Answer 13

• throughout European history, rural residents usually lived in clustered spaces near the village
• this made it difficult to watch over crops and animals

Question 14

dispersed: rural settlement pattern

Answer 14

• found in north America
• people lived in homes spread throughout the country side
• as a result, agricultural villages were extremely rare in this region

Question 15

linear: rural settlement pattern

Answer 15

• people lived in patterns of houses or building following the lines of the road and transport routes
• usually constructed for easy access to transportation routes for people and goods

Question 16

rural survey method

Answer 16

1. English surveying system= metes and bounds
2. American surveying system= townships and range
3. French surveying system= long- lot system

Question 17

English surveying systems

Answer 17

• fields in England often had irregular shapes that reflected the location of physical features and traditional patterns of use
• pot boundaries were described using the metes(used for short distances) and bounds(for larger areas)

Question 18

American surveying systems

Answer 18

• the English colonies in America used metes and bounds but in 1785 the US switched
• the gov organized land into townships and ranges, areas six miles long and six miles wide

Question 19

French Surveying Systems

Answer 19

• emphasized the value of access to a river for water and trade
• developed a long lot system in which farms were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river

Question 20

the five centers of hearts in the first agricultural region

Answer 20

• southwest asia
• southeast asia
• east asia
• sub-saharan africa
• mesoamerica

Question 21

animal domestication

Answer 21

• raising and caring of animals by humans for protection or food
• began in central asia when hunters domesticated dogs, which led to people in southwest asia domesticating goats and sheeps

Question 22

plan domestication

Answer 22

• the growing of crops that people planted, raised, and harvested, probably began after animal domestication
• first seed cultivation in the nile river valley

Question 23

The First(Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution

Answer 23

• the origin of farming
• marked by the first domestication of plants and animals
• much of the farming that happened was substinence

Question 24

The Second Agricultural Revolution

Answer 24

• began in the 1700s

- used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and population growth

Question 25

The Third Agricultural Revolution

Answer 25

• began in the 1960s

- includes the green revolution, as well as agribusiness model of companies selling food and products to customers

Question 26

bid-rent theory

Answer 26

an economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the central business district(CBD) increases

Question 27

agribusiness

Answer 27

the integration of various steps of production in the food-processing industry

Question 28

monoculture

Answer 28

raising of a single cash crop on large plots of land

Question 29

the supply chain

Answer 29

a system of resources, producer transportation, communication, information, and consumers

Question 30

vertical integration

Answer 30

when a company owns several smaller businesses involved in different steps in developing a product

Question 31

Von Thunen Model

Answer 31

a economic model created by a farmer in germany that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market

• assumed that farming in an economic process of that farmers will try to make a profit
• based on the idea that there is only one central market situated on a flat plain, and that all locations have the same advantages
• two underlying assumptions: farmers will try to minimize distance and transportation costs

Question 32

Zone One: Von Thunen Model

Answer 32

• the zone closest to the market
• suggested that horticulture, a type of agriculture that includes market gardening, truck farming, and dairying would occur- ALL parishable products, so farmers would have to get them to the market quickly

Question 33

Zone Two: Von Thunen Model

Answer 33

• included forests; wood was an extremely important resource in 1826
• wood products are close to the market because they are important and heavy/difficult to transport
• can be stored for a long time, not nearly as perishable as dairy and produce in zone 1

Question 34

Zone Three: Von Thunen Model

Answer 34

• crops such as wheat and corn
• valuable, but not as perishable as zone 1 or as difficult to transport as zone 2
• can be stored for long periods of time, so trips to the market were infrequent

Question 35

Zone Four: Von Thunen Model

Answer 35

• used for grazing of livestock
• could be further away because they could walk to the market and get slaughtered there
• land is cheapest further from the city, so farmers could afford to buy lots of land for the animals to graze

Question 36

The Hinterland: Von Thunen Model

Answer 36

• the land surrounding the area or unchartered area
• separated cities and provides obstacles to movement
• he argued that these lands would eventually develop and increase in value

Question 37

What Von Thunen did not consider: Non-Isotropic Plain

Answer 37

• von thunen assumed that land was a flat plan but real land includes river, mountains, and other physical features

Question 38

What Von Thunen did not consider: Multiple Markets

Answer 38

• von thunen assumed that farmers has one primary market, but they often had secondary markets as well

Question 39

What Von Thunen did not consider: Changes in Transportation

Answer 39

• the development of trains, cars, planes, and storage techniques such as refrigeration has allowed food to be transported much longer distances without spoiling

Question 40

What Von Thunen did not consider: Other Changes in Technology

Answer 40

• changes in technology has modified demand for products such as wood

Question 41

terracing

Answer 41

• the earliest form of human alterations of a landscape
• farmers would build steps into the sides of a hill
• creates flat surfaces which have several benefits- farming is easier, land collects rainfall, reduces soil erosion

Question 42

irrigation

Answer 42

the process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops

• began in 6000 BCE in Mesopotamia and Egypt
• by the 19th and 20th centuries it became successful in large scale
• practiced world wide, especially in California’s central and imperial valleys

Question 43

Clearing trees and other vegetation

Answer 43

• has occurred throughout human history
• mostly practiced in SE Asia, Africa, and rainforests in South America
• small slash and burn is beneficial to the environment but large scale damages it

Question 44

Aquaculture

Answer 44

the practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of protein of food that live in the water