human geo unit 6

Question 1

settlement

Answer 1

a place with a permanent human population

Question 2

site

Answer 2

• absolute location of a city

- a city’s static location, often chosen for trade, defense, or religion

Question 3

situation

Answer 3

• relative location of a city

- a city’s place in the region and the world around it

Question 4

factors that have increased urbanization

Answer 4

• transportation(trains, buses, cars etc.)

- communication

Question 5

borchert’s model

Answer 5

a theory on how each epoch has a profound impact on the form, size, density, and spatial arrangements of a city 
epoch 1: self wagon - 1790-1830
epoch 2: iron horse 1830- 1870
epoch 3: steel rail 1870-1920
epoch 4: auto air-amenity 1920-1970

Question 6

cities

Answer 6

places where people come together to build nucleated, or clustered settlements

Question 7

megacities

Answer 7

world largest cities- typically have more than 10 million people

Question 8

central city(or simply city)

Answer 8

an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality

Question 9

urban area

Answer 9

• consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs
• the US recognizes two types of urban areas: urbanized area(an urban area with at least 50000 inhabitants) and an urban cluster(an urban area with between 2500 and 50000 inhabitants)

Question 10

metropolitan area

Answer 10

the economic and cultural area of influence of a settlement

Question 11

suburb/boomburb

Answer 11

• a largely residential area adjacent to an urban area
• over half a million americans live in suburbs
• because of their rapid growth, they are now being referred to as boomburbs

Question 12

exurb

Answer 12

• people move further into rural areas in a process called exurbanization
• exurbanites are attracted to different features such as mountains, streams, or other elements of a physical landscape

Question 13

edge cities

Answer 13

• as suburbs grew, some functions of the central business district began to appear in them
• at key location, along transportation routes, mini-downtowns of hotels, malls, restaurants, and office complexes emerged

Question 14

central place theory

Answer 14

• proposed by German geographer, Walter Christaller in 1933
• developed to explain the distribution of cities of different sizes across a region
• this concept can also be applied to explain how the most profitable location for a service can be identified
• Christaller defined a central place as a location where people go to receive goods and services

Question 15

Central Place Theory: Market Area of a Service

Answer 15

• a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area
• located to maximize accessibility
• businesses must compete against each other to serve as goods and services for the surrounding region
• good example of a nodal region- a region with a core where the characteristic is most intense

Question 16

Central Place Theory: Range of Service

Answer 16

• the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
• people are willing to only go short distances for every day consumer items such as groceries but are willing to travel far for a bball game

Question 17

Central Place Theory: Threshold of a Service

Answer 17

• the minimum number of people needed to support a service

- minimum amount of sales to make profit

Question 18

The Gravity Model

Answer 18

• predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance of people
• states that places that are larger and closer together will have greater interaction than the places smaller and further away from one another
• can predict the flow of workers, shoppers, vacationers, mail, migrants, and nearly any flow between cities

Question 19

The Gravity Model: Rank-Size Distribution Rule

Answer 19

the country’s’ nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

ex: the second largest city is one-half the size of the largest
- graphs into a fairly straight line

Question 20

The Gravity Model: Primate City Rule

Answer 20

if the settlement hierarchy does NOT form a straight line. instead, it may follow the primate city rule in which the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second- ranking settlement.
ex: Mexico city is 5 times larger than its second largest settlement, Guadalajara

Question 21

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Answer 21

• describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district
• first ring is a zone of transition that includes industrial land uses mices with poorer quality housing
• three additional rings are all residential (1 zone of working class housing , then a zone of higher quality housing, then a zone of larger homes and lots in suburban areas on the edge of the city)
• with greater distance from the CBD, land is less $

Question 22

Hoyt Sector Model

Answer 22

• Hoyt described different types of land used and housing all located near the CBD early in the city’s history
• each grew outward as the city expanded creating new wedges, rather than rings
• model describes sectors of land use for low, medium, and high income housing

Question 23

Multiple Nuclei Model

Answer 23

• suggests that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers/nodes
• characteristics of each node either attracted of repelled certain types of activities
• resulted in the city being filled with a patchwork of land uses, each with its own center/nucleus

Question 24

Harris Galactic City(or peripheral)/Edge City Model

Answer 24

• as suburbs grew, some of the functions of the CBD began to appear in edge cities, including hotels, malls, restaurants, and office complexes
• edge cities are nodes of economic activities that have developed in the periphery of large cities

Question 25

sprawl

Answer 25

the development of suburbs at relatively low density and at locations that are not contagious to the existing built-up area

Question 26

density gradient

Answer 26

the density change in urban areas. the number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases. two changes have occurred because of this: fewer people living n the center, fewer differences in density within urban areas

Question 27

greenbelts

Answer 27

a ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, and other types of open space to limit the sprawl of urban area

Question 28

smart growth

Answer 28

an approach to building development that encourage a mix between building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, development within existing neighborhoods, and community engagement

Question 29

new urbanism

Answer 29

seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area

Question 30

quantitative data

Answer 30

from census and survey data provide information about changes in population composition and size in urban areas

Question 31

qualitative data

Answer 31

from studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes towards urban change

Question 32

blockbusting

Answer 32

the practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of the fear of people from another race or class moving into the neighborhood, and thus profiting by reselling at a higher price

Question 33

redlining

Answer 33

a discriminatory practice that puts services(financial and otherwise) out of reach for residents of certain areas based on race or ethnicity

Question 34

white flight

Answer 34

the phenomenon of white people moving out of urban areas, particularly those with significant minority populations, and into suburban areas

Question 35

ghettos

Answer 35

areas of poverty occupied by a specific ethnic group

Question 36

gentrification

Answer 36

the process whereby the characters of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, typically displacing current inhabitants in the process

Question 37

squatter settlements

Answer 37

are any collection of buildings where people have no legal rights to the land they are built upon. The people are living there illegally and do not own the land. They provide housing for many of the world’s poorest people and offer basic shelter.

Question 38

brownfield

Answer 38

any previously developed land that is not currently in use that may be potentially contaminated