Human Factors Flashcards
1
Q
What are the exercise guidlines?
A
30 min 3x per week
2
Q
What is a Class 1 medical applicable to and what is it’s validity?
A
- Required for CPL, ATPL, flight navigators and engineers
- 1 year validity (6 months over 65)
3
Q
What is a full class 2 medical applicable for and what is it’s validity?
A
- Flight instructing, CPL operations below 8618kg with no pax, RPL, PPL
- 4 years, 2 years above 40
4
Q
What is a basic class 2 medical applicable to and how long is it valid for?
A
- GP issuable
- Private day VFR below 10,000ft, max 5 pax, piston engine below 8618kg, no use of ratings or endorsements
- valid up to 5 years below 40, 2 years above 40, 1 year above 70
5
Q
What is a class 3 medical applicable to and how long is it valid for?
A
- Mainly to ATC
- Valid 2 years
6
Q
What is a class 5 medical applicable to and how long is it valid for?
A
- Recreational and private pilots self assess without formal medical exam
- Day VFR below 10,000ft, max 2 pax, below 2000kg
- Valid 5 years until 40, 2 years 40-74 or 16-74 with conditional drivers license, 1 year 75+
7
Q
What is a RAMPC medical applicable to and how long is it valid?
A
- Based on modified unconditional drivers license medical
- Single engine, day VFR, below 10,000ft, max 1 pax
- Valid 2 years below 65, max 12 months above 65
8
Q
What is angina?
A
- Symptom of underlying heart disease
- reduced blood supply to heart as a result of arteries thickening or blocking
- Enormous stress on heart
- Chest pain, high risk of heart attack
9
Q
What are the causes of angina?
A
Smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, alcohol
10
Q
What height does air density halve?
A
18,000ft
11
Q
What is a URTI?
A
- Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
- involves sinus, throat, ears
- usually blocked and have issues equalising
- colds, flus, hayfever, congestion, sinus infections
12
Q
How does partial pressure work?
A
Total pressure made up of partial pressures equal to the portion that the individual gas makes up.
E.g Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere and therefore has a partial pressure of 21%
13
Q
How much oxygen does the body require to breathe normally?
A
74hPa
14
Q
What is hypoxic hypoxia?
A
- lack of partial pressure of oxygen
- high altitude
15
Q
What is anaemic hypoxia?
A
- oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin reduced
- smoking, anemia, CO poisoning
16
Q
What is stagnant hypoxia?
A
- blood circulation poor
- heart attacks, low blood pressure, Gs, excessive blood loss
17
Q
What is histoxic hypoxia?
A
- brain rejects oxygen due to some form of intoxication
18
Q
What are the symptoms of hypoxia?
A
- feeling of euphoria
- vision impairment
- mental confusion
- cyanosis
- poor motor skills
- hyperventilation
- apprehension
- nausea, dizziness
- numbness and tingling
- blue fingertips
- eventually loss of consciousness and death
19
Q
What increases hypoxia?
A
- Smoking
- Drinking
- Extreme temps
- Physically unfit
- Increased demand for oxygen
20
Q
What is the time of useful consciousness at 20,000 ft?
A
Pilot - 10 min
Passenger - 20 min
21
Q
What is the time of useful consciousness at 25,000 ft?
A
Pilot - 3min
Passenger - 5min
22
Q
What is the time of useful consciousness at 30,000 ft?
A
Pilot - 1min
Passenger - 3min
23
Q
What is the time of useful consciousness above 30,000 ft?
A
Pilot - <1min
Passenger - <3min
24
Q
What are the symptoms of food poisoning?
A
- Nausea/stomach cramps
- Vomiting and diarrhoea
- Fever and headaches
25
What are the common causes of food poisoning?
- Cross contamination of cooked and uncooked food
- improper temp control
- toxins in food and water
- dairy products/seafood
26
How long do migraines usually last?
4 hours to 3 days
27
What are the symptoms of migraines?
- Pulsating and throbbing pain
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Sensitivity to light
28
What are the CASA pregnancy requirements?
- Can't fly after 30 weeks, as little as 6 weeks after
29
What is the retirement age?
65
If PIC over 60, co-pilot must be under 60.
30
How long after blood donation can you fly?
24 hours
31
What is the BAC limit?
0%, however can read 0.02%
32
What is hyperventilation?
Washout of CO2 from the body causing lightheadness, dizziness, weakness, tingling fingertips
33
What are the redout, greyout, blackout and GLOC G's?
- Redout: -2.0G
- Greyout: +3.5G
- Blackout: +5.0G
- G-LOC +5.0G sustained or >5.0G
34
What are the diving guidlines?
- dive w/ no compression stops: 4 hours rest
- dive <4 hours w/ compression stops: 12 hours rest
- dive >4 hours w/ compressions stops: 48 hours rest
35
What are the symptoms of CO poisoning?
- dizziness
- blurred vision and disorientation
- nausea and vomiting
- rapid heart rate
- loss of hearing
- loss of consiousness
- possible seizures, respiratory failure and cardiac arrest
36
How long does short term memory last?
15 seconds
37
What is the difference between semantic and episodic long term memory?
- Semantic: memory of meaning, understanding and other concepts based on knowledge
- Episodic: memory of autobiographical events (times, places, and associated emotions)
38
What are the symptoms of stress?
- fatigue and memory problems
- moodiness and irratability
- withdrawn personality
- alcohol and drug abuse
- lack of sleep
- kidney and liver problems
39
What are some stress management techniques?
- relaxation therapy
- finding an outlet or mode of exercise
- medication
- cognitive behavioural therapy
40
What is the outer ear made up of?
Ear Auricle, Canal, Drum
41
What is the middle ear made up of?
3 bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
Eustachian tube used to equalise pressure
42
What is the inner ear made up of?
- Otoliths (utricle and saccule), semicircular canal for balance
- Cochlea sends signals to auditory nerve
43
How does the ear work?
1. auricle catches vibrations from outside
2. vibrations sent down canal to drum
3. drum vibrates and sends vibrations to ossicles
4. ossicles amplify them and send to cochlea
5. cochlea converts to nerve impulses for brain to use
6. nerve impulses go to brain through auditory nerve
44
What are the 3 types of hearing loss?
1. Conductive: defect of ossicles or ear drum
2. Sensorineural: failure of auditory nerve
3. Presbycusis: old age
45
What sound levels cause hearing loss and pain?
85dB causes permanent hearing loss
120dB causes ear discomfort
140dB causes physical pain
46
What do rods and cones do?
Cells in retina
Rods pick up shape, movement
Cones pick up colour
47
How much focussing do the cornea and lens do?
Cornea - 70-75%
Leans - 25-30%
48
When do rods and cones work best?
Rods - low light
Cones - Lots of light
49
How long does it take to adapt to light and darkeness?
Light - 5 minutes
Darkness - 20-30 minutes
50
What is empty field myopia?
- When nothing to focus on in visual field, eyes focus 1-2 meters ahead
- Muscles relax and you get blurred vision without realising it and can miss objects in the distance
51
What is Myopia?
- Short sightedness
- cornea elongated on horizontal plane causing light to be refracted short of the retina
- requires concave lenses
- struggle to see traffic
52
What is Hyperopia?
- long sightedness
- cornea elongated on vertical plane causing light to be refracted long of retina
- Requires convex lens
53
What is an astigmatism?
- cornea uneven in shape
- eye focusses light short and beyond the retina
- images appear blurred
- correction cylindrical lens
54
What is presbyopia?
- with age, eye progressively diminishes ability to focus on near objects
- lens harden
55
What is flicker vertigo?
- caused by flickering light
- causes disorientation, vertigo and nausea
- if severe, loss of motor response and seizure
56
How do you avoid disorientation?
- fly with visual reference
- avoid staring at any lights stationary or flickering
- allow time for eyes to adapt
- avoid fatigue
57
Which part of the ear picks up linear acceleration?
Otolithic organ of the Utricle
58
Which part of the ear picks up angular acceleration?
Semi-circular canal
59
When does the semi circular canal not pick up movement?
Roll below 2° per second
60
What is the Somatogravic Illusion?
Acceleration feels like pitching up, deceleration feels like pitching down
61
What is the Somoatogyral (Leans) Illusion?
Pilot doesn't recognise slow roll below 2° per second and when corrected, feels like you are rolling the other way. Can enter graveyard spiral
62
What is the auto-kinetic illusion?
When you stare at a staionary light and it looks like it starts moving
63
What is the Coriolis illusion?
If you turn your head suddenly while in a turn, it feels like the aircraft is tumbling and you become disorientated
64
What aggravates motion sickness?
- Featureless sky
- Darkness
- Lack of visual references
- Inner ear infections
65
What alleviates motion sickness?
- open air vents
- loosen clothing
- supplemental oxygen
- maintain visual reference with horizon
- avoid unnecessary head movements
66
What is the wider runway illusion?
Appears closer and lower. Tendency to overshoot
67
What is the slimmer runway illusion?
Appears further and higher. Tendency to undershoot
68
How do stripes show width?
- 60ft 4 stripes
- 75ft 6 stripes
- 100ft 8 stripes
- 150ft 12 stripes
- 200ft 16 stripes
69
What is the illusion with a runway sloping up?
- You feel high, pilot descends creating shallow approach and possible undershoot.
70
What is the illusion with a runway sloping down?
- You feel low, pilot adds power and has tendency for overshoot or steeper descent
71
What is the visibility illusion when landing?
- When vis abnormally clear, runway feels closer and you feel lower
- When vis poor, feels further and you feel high on approach
- Black hole effect at night is when a dark surface makes you feel too high
72
What is the motion parallax illusion?
- Objects further away appear to move slower
- Objects viewed by pilot moving at great speed are 'apparently closer'
73
Which direction makes jet lag worse?
Travelling East
74
How much does the body clock need to speed up with jet lag to the east?
Approx 1.5 hours per dayW
75
When is the worst time to work efficiently?
- Early morning and early afternoon
76
What are the hazardous attitude types?
- Anti-Authority
- Deference
- Impulsiveness
- Invulnerable
- Macho
- Resignation
- Pride
- Peer Pressure
- Employer Pressure
77
What are the decision influences?
- Conformity (not odd one out)
- Compliance
- Status/Obedience
- Risk Shifting
78
What can cause an incorrect decision?
- False Hypothesis: high expectancy, distractions, relaxing during cruies, seeking reassurance, not monitoring (auto pilot)
- Environmental Capture: do something right every time and don't check you did it right anymore.
79
What are the differences between cockpit gradiants?
- Too steep: captain dictatorship, FO left out, crew reluctant to speak up
- Too shallow: captain and FO share equally in emergency, no one in charge
- Good: Captain in charge with input from FO
80
What is push and pull communication?
- Push: giving commands, making statements, giving diagnosis
- Pull: asking questions, making proposal, reading back
81
What are open and closed questions?
- Open: prompting for elaboration
- Closed: Yes/No, one word answers
82
What is the PILOT model?
- Probe the facts - assess situation
- Identify the problem - analyse
- Look for solutions - pros vs cons
- Operate - do a solution
- Take stock - assess
83
What is a threat?
Something that could potentially negatively affect flight safety
84
What are the three types of threats with examples?
- Expected: e.g weather, traffic, terrain, CTA
- Unexpected: e.g weather, fires, animals, system malfunctions
- Latent: Fatigue, stress, lack of experience and knowledge
85
What are the examples of internal and external threats?
- Internal (PIC only): stress, fatigue, lack of experience, sickness/injury, hypoxia
- External Environmental (around aircraft): weather, terrain, traffic
- Organisational (incorrect info from publication): WNB, charts, SOP, MR
86
What is an error?
Pilot action or inaction
87
What are handling errors?
- Pilot input to aircraft e.g rudder, hard landing, wrong height, power setting, radio freq.
88
What are procedural errors?
- Failure to follow procedure e.g not following checklist, pre-flight, radio, gear up landing, transponder
89
What are communication errors?
- Poor communication e.g bad radio calls, read backs, phraseology
90
What are random errors?
- Usually inexperienced pilots.
- Error different time, no rhyme or reason
91
What are systematic errors?
- Trend to errors
- Easier to fix, corrections can be made
92
What are sporadic errors?
- usually experienced pilots
- everything done right, but occasionally error manifests
- pilot can not explain why they made error
93
What are ground navigation undesired aircraft states?
- RWY excursions
- Wrong holding point
- Taxi Speed
94
What are Handling State Undesired Aircraft States?
- Stall/spin
- Wrong IAS
- Wrong altitude
- CTA/SUA
- Lost
95
What are configuration undesired aircraft states?
- wrong frequency
- wrong transponder
- flap
- landing gear
- trim
- RPM
96
What is a planning countermeasure?
- Usually prior to flight reducing risk of unexpected latent threat
- e.g flight plan, alternates, holding fuel, NOTAM, training emergencies, pre-flight, pax brief
97
What is an execution countermeasure?
- Conducted in flight
- e.g checklist, CTAF, lookout, check instruments, monitor fuel
98
What is a review countermeasure?
- Remedy after seeing set of circumstances
- e.g 1:60, diversions, PS+L, return to base, go-around
99
What is a systematic countermeasure?
- in-built in aircraft and does not require pilot monitoring
- e.g stall horn, annunciator panels/warning lights, warning sounds, collision avoidance
100
Where should you pinch yourself when doing the 'pinch test'?
Above the hip
101
For an average weight, at what rate does the body metabolise alcohol?
1 standard drink per hour
102
What is the path of bloody through the body?
Heart-lungs-heart-body systems-hear
103
The maximum distance at which an eye can see an object one meter in diameter is around:
D
104
What is the chemical in the eye that reacts to light?
Rhodopsin
105
What refractive error would you suffer if the refractive power from your eye lens was too weak?
Hypermetropia
106
For maximum comfort, what temp and humidity should the cabin be?
low to mid 20s with 40-60% humidity
107
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
108
How much do earplugs reduce sound by?
20dB
109
How much does a headset reduce noise by?
40dB
110
Which part of the ear suffers damage as a result of long term noise exposure?
Hair follicles within the cochlea
111
When should a pilot use pain killers without speaking to a DAME?
Short term relief only
112
What height does night vision begin to degrade?
4,000ft
113
The captain has a decision to fly into bad weather or divert. What should he do?
Listen to the crew's opinion first, then give his opinion and make a decision
114
What is a checklist used for?
Manage and prevent errors
115
One measure of the effectiveness of actions taken by crew to manage threats is?
Whether the threat was detected in time for the crew to act appropriately
