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Biology > Human Digestive System > Flashcards

Human Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Organisms that are not capable of making their own food

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2
Q

Autotrophic

A

Organisms capable of making their own food

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3
Q

Herbivore

A

Eat plants only

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4
Q

Carnivore

A

Eats animals only

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5
Q

Omnivore

A

Eats both animals and plants

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6
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Use of light energy to make food

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7
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Use of chemical energy to make food

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8
Q

Saprophytic (decomposers)

A

Organisms that obtain their food from dead organisms

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9
Q

Parasitic

A

Two organisms of different species live together where one benefits and causes harm to the other

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10
Q

Symbiotic

A

Organisms that live in close contact with a second species and at least one organism benefits

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11
Q

Egestion

A

Removal of unabsorbed waste

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12
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste products of metabolism

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13
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic muscular contraction and relaxation in the wall of the alimentary canal causing the movement of food

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14
Q

Deamination

A

Breaking down excess amino acids to form urea (in the liver)

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15
Q

Balanced diet

A

Contains the correct amounts of each food type for good health

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16
Q

Stages of nutrition

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Egestion

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17
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in food

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18
Q

Digestion

A

Physical and chemical break down of food into smaller molecules

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19
Q

Absorption

A

Food diffuses into the bloodstream

20
Q

Types of digestion

A

Mechanical (physical break down)

Chemical (addition of digestive enzymes)

21
Q

Why is digestion necessary

A

To make food soluble
Easier to absorb
Transport

22
Q

Mouth

A

Chemical digestion - salivary amylase (starch->maltose)

Mechanical - teeth, tongue

23
Q

Types of teeth

A

Incisors - cutting
Canines - gripping and tearing
Molars - crushing and grinding
Pre molars - crushing and grinding

24
Q

Teeth formula

A

i 2. C 1 Pm2. M3

2. 1. 2. 3

25
Q

Oesophagus

A

Mechanical - peristalsis to move food from mouth to stomach

26
Q

Stomach

A

Location - abdominal cavity
Mechanical - churned into chyme
Chemical - digestive enzymes break down food
Hydrochloric acid and lysozyme produced to kill bacteria

27
Q

Gastric juice

A 
Produced in stomach
Contains:
mucous - lines and protects stomach wall
HCI - kills bacteria, converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Pepsin - breaks down proteins
28
Q

Pancreas

A

Located in the abdominal cavity below the stomach
Produces amylase and lipase
Produces insulin

29
Q

Liver

A 
Located above the stomach in the upper abdomen 
Makes bile
Helps to detoxify the body
Deamination  
Converts glucose to glycogen 
Stores vitamins and minerals
30
Q

Bile

A

Composition - water, bile salts, bile pigments
Emulsify (break down) fats
Neutralise chyme from stomach and provides optimum pH for enzymes

31
Q

Gall bladder

A

Located in the liver
Stores bile
Releases bile into the duodenum through the bile duct

32
Q

Small intestine

A

Parts - duodenum, ileum, jejenum

Absorption and digestion

33
Q

Duodenum

A

Chemical digestion - lipase (fats) and amylase (carbs)

34
Q

Ileum

A

Absorbs nutrients into bloodstream (by diffusion)

35
Q

Ileum adaptations for absorption

A

Long tube - allows time for reabsorption
Villi - infoldings which increase the surface area available for reabsorption
Walls are one cell thick - allows substances to diffuse easily into bloodstream

36
Q

How fat is absorbed into the small intestine

A

Villi
1. Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteal
2. Re form into fats
3. Diffuse into bloodstream through blood vessels
Peristalsis occurs at muscular wall

37
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Only vein not connected directly to the heart
Connects the ileum with the liver
Transports amino acids, glucose to the liver
Amino acids broken down into urea
Urea leaves liver through the hepatic vein

38
Q

Large intestine

A

Parts - caecum, appendix, rectum (stores faeces)
Reabsorbs water
Symbiosis

39
Q

Symbiosis

A

Bacteria feed on waste to produce vit B and K

Break down cellulose, return the nutrients to small intestine

40
Q

Benefit of fibre

A

Prevents constipation by stimulating peristalsis in the colon

41
Q

Constipation

A

Too much water reabsorbed when undigested food moves too slowly

42
Q

Faeces

A

Liquid waste in large intestine

43
Q

Amylase

A

Produced in : salivary glands/ pancreas
Secreted to and active in : mouth / duodenum
pH : 7-9 alkaline
Role : digest starch -> maltose

44
Q

Pepsin

A

Produced in : stomach
Secreted to and active in : stomach
pH : 2 acidic
Role : digest proteins -> peptides

45
Q

Lipase

A

Produced in : pancreas
Secreted to and active in : duodenum
pH : 7-9 alkaline
Role : fats -> fatty acids and glycerol

46
Q

Amino acids

A

Products formed by complete digestion of protein

47
Q

Peptides

A

Short chains of amino acids

Biology (8 decks)

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