Human Digestive System Flashcards
Heterotrophic
Organisms that are not capable of making their own food
Autotrophic
Organisms capable of making their own food
Herbivore
Eat plants only
Carnivore
Eats animals only
Omnivore
Eats both animals and plants
Photosynthesis
Use of light energy to make food
Chemosynthesis
Use of chemical energy to make food
Saprophytic (decomposers)
Organisms that obtain their food from dead organisms
Parasitic
Two organisms of different species live together where one benefits and causes harm to the other
Symbiotic
Organisms that live in close contact with a second species and at least one organism benefits
Egestion
Removal of unabsorbed waste
Excretion
Removal of waste products of metabolism
Peristalsis
Rhythmic muscular contraction and relaxation in the wall of the alimentary canal causing the movement of food
Deamination
Breaking down excess amino acids to form urea (in the liver)
Balanced diet
Contains the correct amounts of each food type for good health
Stages of nutrition
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Egestion
Ingestion
Taking in food
Digestion
Physical and chemical break down of food into smaller molecules
Absorption
Food diffuses into the bloodstream
Types of digestion
Mechanical (physical break down)
Chemical (addition of digestive enzymes)
Why is digestion necessary
To make food soluble
Easier to absorb
Transport
Mouth
Chemical digestion - salivary amylase (starch->maltose)
Mechanical - teeth, tongue
Types of teeth
Incisors - cutting
Canines - gripping and tearing
Molars - crushing and grinding
Pre molars - crushing and grinding
Teeth formula
i 2. C 1 Pm2. M3
2. 1. 2. 3
Oesophagus
Mechanical - peristalsis to move food from mouth to stomach
Stomach
Location - abdominal cavity
Mechanical - churned into chyme
Chemical - digestive enzymes break down food
Hydrochloric acid and lysozyme produced to kill bacteria
Gastric juice
Produced in stomach Contains: mucous - lines and protects stomach wall HCI - kills bacteria, converts pepsinogen to pepsin Pepsin - breaks down proteins
Pancreas
Located in the abdominal cavity below the stomach
Produces amylase and lipase
Produces insulin
Liver
Located above the stomach in the upper abdomen Makes bile Helps to detoxify the body Deamination Converts glucose to glycogen Stores vitamins and minerals
Bile
Composition - water, bile salts, bile pigments
Emulsify (break down) fats
Neutralise chyme from stomach and provides optimum pH for enzymes
Gall bladder
Located in the liver
Stores bile
Releases bile into the duodenum through the bile duct
Small intestine
Parts - duodenum, ileum, jejenum
Absorption and digestion
Duodenum
Chemical digestion - lipase (fats) and amylase (carbs)
Ileum
Absorbs nutrients into bloodstream (by diffusion)
Ileum adaptations for absorption
Long tube - allows time for reabsorption
Villi - infoldings which increase the surface area available for reabsorption
Walls are one cell thick - allows substances to diffuse easily into bloodstream
How fat is absorbed into the small intestine
Villi
1. Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the lacteal
2. Re form into fats
3. Diffuse into bloodstream through blood vessels
Peristalsis occurs at muscular wall
Hepatic portal vein
Only vein not connected directly to the heart
Connects the ileum with the liver
Transports amino acids, glucose to the liver
Amino acids broken down into urea
Urea leaves liver through the hepatic vein
Large intestine
Parts - caecum, appendix, rectum (stores faeces)
Reabsorbs water
Symbiosis
Symbiosis
Bacteria feed on waste to produce vit B and K
Break down cellulose, return the nutrients to small intestine
Benefit of fibre
Prevents constipation by stimulating peristalsis in the colon
Constipation
Too much water reabsorbed when undigested food moves too slowly
Faeces
Liquid waste in large intestine
Amylase
Produced in : salivary glands/ pancreas
Secreted to and active in : mouth / duodenum
pH : 7-9 alkaline
Role : digest starch -> maltose
Pepsin
Produced in : stomach
Secreted to and active in : stomach
pH : 2 acidic
Role : digest proteins -> peptides
Lipase
Produced in : pancreas
Secreted to and active in : duodenum
pH : 7-9 alkaline
Role : fats -> fatty acids and glycerol
Amino acids
Products formed by complete digestion of protein
Peptides
Short chains of amino acids