Food - Leaving Cert Flashcards

1
Q

Biomolecule

A

Organic chemical produced and found only within living organisms

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

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3
Q

Types of metabolism

A

Anabolic

Catabolic

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4
Q

Anabolic

A

Energy is required to convert smaller molecules into larger molecules
eg photosynthesis, protein synthesis

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5
Q

Catabolic

A

Energy released to convert larger molecules into smaller molecules
eh respiration, digestion

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6
Q

Why do we need food

A

Energy source for respiration

Growth and repair of cells

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7
Q

Chemical elements found in food

A
C, H , O , N , P , S
Salts of:
Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca
Traces of:
Fe, Cu, Zn
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8
Q

Biomolecule types

A

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins

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9
Q

Carbohydrates general formula and ratio

A

Cx(H2O)y

X=Y Y=6
Ratio: 2:1 (2hydrogen 1oxygen)

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10
Q

Carbohydrates structural role

A

Cellulose(poly) found in plant cell walls

Chitin(poly) found in fungal cell walls

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11
Q

Carbohydrates metabolic role

A

Glucose(mono) broken down to release energy in respiration
Glucose stored as glycogen in animal muscle after respiration
Starch (poly) stores glucose after photosynthesis

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12
Q

Monosaccharide

A

1 single sugar unit
eg glucose, fructose

Source- fruit

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13
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two sugar molecules joined
eg sucrose, lactose, maltose

Source- table sugar, milk

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14
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Many sugar molecules joined
eg starch, cellulose

Source- bread, pasta, cereal

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15
Q

Lipids types

A

Triglycerides (3 fatty acids one glycerol)

Phospholipids (one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group) (major component of cell membranes)

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16
Q

Lipids general structural components

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

17
Q

Examples of lipids

A

Fats- solid at room temp
Oils- liquid at room temp
Steroids (cholesterol and some sex hormones)

18
Q

Structural role of lipids

A

In cells: phospholipids are major component of cell membranes
In an organism: energy store, protection of organs, heat insulation

19
Q

Metabolic role of lipids

A

Release energy in respiration

20
Q

Protein shapes

A

Fibrous - no folding eg keratin in hair and nails

Globular - lots of folding eg albumin in egg white, enzymes

21
Q

Structural role of proteins

A

Keratin in skin and hair

Myosin in muscles

22
Q

Metabolic role of proteins

A

All enzymes are proteins -> biological catalysts that control photosynthesis and respiration
Hormones regulate body functions eg insulin regulates blood sugar levels

23
Q

Vitamins

A

Needed in small amounts

Cannot be made by the body

24
Q

Vitamin C

A
Water soluble 
Chemical name: ascorbic acid
source: citrus fruits,green veg
deficiency: scurvy
symptoms: soft bleeding gums
25
Vitamin C functions
Build connective tissue Maintain bones and teeth Good immune system function
26
Vitamin D
Fat soluble Chemical name: calciferol Source: dairy, fish liver oils, egg yolk Deficiency: tickets in children, osteomalacia in adults Symptoms: bones lose calcium and break easily
27
Vitamin D Functions
Needed to absorb calcium from food | To form bone
28
Minerals
Inorganic Needed in small amounts Plants absorb minerals through their roots Animals get minerals through food
29
Plant minerals
Calcium - to form middle lamella (cell wall) between cells | Magnesium - to form part of chlorophyll
30
Animal minerals
Calcium- forms bones and teeth | Iron- forms part of haemoglobin
31
Water
Cells and body fluid are made of 70% water in animals and 90% in plants
32
Uses of water
Universal solvent that transports substances in blood or in plants, allows substances to move through membranes Where all metabolic reactions take place, component of cytoplasm, controls shape of cell by osmosis Is a reactant/product in chemical reactions, source of oxygen produced in photosynthesis