Enzymes

Question 1

Enzyme

Answer 1

A biological catalyst

Question 2

Amino acids

Answer 2

The building blocks of proteins

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Question 4

Catabolic reaction

Answer 4

Breaking down of larger molecules into smaller molecules

Eg respiration, digestion

Question 5

Catabolic enzymes

Answer 5

Amylase

Lipase

Question 6

Anabolic reaction

Answer 6

Building up large molecules from smaller molecules

Eg photosynthesis, protein synthesis

Question 7

Substrate

Answer 7

The substance that an enzyme acts on

Eg starch

Question 8

Product

Answer 8

The substance that an enzyme forms

Eg maltose

Question 9

Active site

Answer 9

Part of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

Responsible for enzyme specificity

Question 10

Enzyme specificity

Answer 10

Can only act on one certain substrate

Question 11

Optimum conditions

Answer 11

The ideal conditions for an enzyme to work best

Question 12

Denatured

Answer 12

When an enzyme has fully lost its shape and cannot function anymore

Question 13

Bioprocessing

Answer 13

The use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product

Eg cheese,beer,antibiotics,vaccines

Question 14

Bioreactor

Answer 14

Vessel in which living cells are used to make a product

Question 15

Immobilised enzymes

Answer 15

Enzymes that are attached to or trapped in an inactive insoluble material

Question 16

Proteins

Answer 16

Produced in ribosomes by protein synthesis

Long chain of amino acids joined together by polypeptide bond

Question 17

Protein functions

Answer 17

Determined by how it folds
No foldings: fibrous eg keratin
Folding: globular eg albumin,enzymes

Question 18

Anabolic enzyme

Answer 18

DNA polymerase

Forms and repairs DNA

Question 19

Enzymes are:

Answer 19

Made of protein biomolecules
Substrate specific
Reversible reactions

Question 20

Active site theory

Answer 20

How an enzyme reacts with its specific substrate

Question 21

Describe the active site theory

Answer 21

The enzyme changes shape to fit the substrate and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed
The products are released,the enzyme returns to its original shape
The enzyme can be reused.

Question 22

Factors affecting enzyme activity

Answer 22

Temp
pH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration

Question 23

How temperature affects enzyme activity

Answer 23

Low- ice forms, enzymes dont work
High- above optimum, active site loses shape and becomes denatured
Human optimum- 37°
Plant optimum-20-30°

Question 24

How does pH affect enzyme activity

Answer 24

Optimum - 7

Exception of pepsin - 2

Question 25

How does substrate concentration affect enzyme concentration

Answer 25

Greater mass of substrate, the greater surface area for an enzyme to work on

Question 26

How does enzyme concentration affect enzyme activity

Answer 26

Greater concentration of enzyme, faster reaction

Question 27

How are enzymes immobilised

Answer 27

Attached to each other Adsorbed to an insoluble support(eg glass beads) Enclosed within a gel membrane (sodium alginate)

Question 28

Advantages of immobilised enzymes

Answer 28

Efficiency of enzyme not affected, increases stability No contamination of product Reusable, cheaper than free enzymes

Question 29

Examples of bioprocessing

Answer 29

Glucose -> glucose isomerase-> fructose Penicillin -> penicillin acylase-> new antibiotic Lactose -> lactase-> glucose + galactose

Question 30

Experiments

Answer 30

Enzyme: catalase Sub- hydrogen peroxide Products- water and oxygen