Human Development Exam 3 Flashcards
Puberty
- A public, not an even but a process
- prepare body for sexual reproduction.
- physiology/anatomy
Spermarche
man’s first ejaculation
Testosterone
- a steroid hormone, produced by testes
- 20x more in men, women 4x (adrenal cortex)
- Body weight changes, muscles change
Estrogen
- steroid hormone produced by ovarian follicles
- Boys 2x, Girls 8x
Primary Sex Characteristics
- Directly related to reproduction
- changes in ovaries/testes
Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Not related to reproduction
- Breasts/Facial hair
Secular Trend
- puberty occuring at earlier and earlier ages
- Age going down by 4 months every generation.
Anorexia
- compulsive fear of getting fat
Bulimia
- obssesive desire to lose weight
- overeating and vomiting
- more common in upper class women
- disengaged parents
- easier to treat b/c more interested in changing their behavior
Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning
- Problem solving using a general theory to deduce specific hypothesis
- then testing systematically
- Example: when a beaker turns pink
Personal Fable
- Ego Centrism
- Experiences are unique and no one understands them
- problem in safe sex, drinking
Imaginary Audience
- Ego centrism
- I am on stage. Everyone is looking at me
Four Factors that contribute to Menarche Timing
- Heredity
- Family environment (present of step-father. pheromones)
- Race/Ethnicity
- Weight (17% fat, 106 lbs)
How does sleep change with puberty?
- REM patterns more adult-like
- Go to sleep much later, desire to sleep in later (eveningness)
Adolescent Sleep Changes- Problems?
- Daytime sleepiness
- 40% sleep deprived (grumpy/bad decisions)
- sleep in on the weekends (bad)
Identity
-
Who Am I?
- Sexually
- Ethnically
- Achievement
Tightly strucutral groups of 5-7 friends. Look and act the same. Same sex, ethnicity.
Cliques
Based on stereotypes. Large, loosely organized groups of cliques. Identity in the larger school.
Example: Band Geeks, Jocks, Preps, Druggies
Crowds
Generation Gap
- Difference in attitudes
- Similarities in core values
G. Stanley Hall Theory of Strom and Stress
- Adolescent characterization
- Extreme highs and lows
- Creates stress
- Turbulent
What behaviors led Stanely to storm & stress theory?
- Riskier behavior
- fighting
- aggression
- deviance
What evidence is there for storm and stress
- rats fight more if you put them in a nest
- travel further from the pack
- more negative moods
Signs of early maturation in boys
- Decline in academic performance
- more leadership positions
- more independet
- stress
Signs of early maturation in girls
- low self-esteem
- decline in academic performance
- eating disorders/body image
- bigger
Signs of late maturation in boys
- Anxious
- overly talkative
- attention seeking
- poorer body image (resolves itself)
Signs of late maturation in girls
- Well adjusted
- regarded as attractive
- may become rigid, inflexible, conforming
Androgency
both male/female traits.
Changes associated with puberty & relationship with parents
- fighting more often
- still seek guidance, but more remote
- autonomy
- media (parents anxious)
- self fulfilling prophecy
4 Identity Statuses by James Marcia
- Diffusion
- Foreclosure
- Moratorium
- Achieved
Diffusion, Marica
- no exploration,
- no commitment.
- Powerless
- Apathetic
Foreclosure
- high commitment
- low exploration
- no questioning
Moratorium
- Depressed
- still exploring
- Lack of commitment seems daunting
Achieved
- Explored
- present commitment
- make political decision
- feel good/high self esteem
Which identity status is positive?
Achieved
Which Identity Status is Negative
Diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium
4 Things that contibute to healthy sexual development in adolescence?
- Comfort with maturing body
- Accept feelings of sexual arousal as normal
- Sex is a voluntary activity.
- Practicing safer sex
When should sex education begin?
Earlier, around 9 years of age. Before it all is happening. Schools start too late
What wrong with sex ed?
- Media never shows people wearing condoms, no fluids, always get an orgasm
- Should run the program for a longer period of time
- need trained teachers
- variety of teaching methods
- practice in engotiation and refusal skills
What does sex ed not teach
LGBT
Describe contraceptive usage in adolescensce
- personal fable
- very infrequent
- 2nd highest rate of STI’s & teen pregnancy
Condom Issue in school
- don’t want to make more desirable
- Makes no difference though
- at least have more tools
What factors are correlatid with adolescent parenting x3
- parental warmth and involvement
- poor school performance
- alcohol/drug use
What evidence is there that adolescents are more suseptible to addiction
- changes in limbic system- drugs blast dopamine
- Brain takes longer for dopamin to reserve than adults
- Try to delay drinking alcohol until more mature
- BAD TIME
How do adolescents describe themselves?
“I’m intelligent”
- Interested in future self
- mask true self with fable self
Formal operational thinker
- adolescence
- last stage
- abstract/hypothetical
- more idealistic
In favor of teen employment
- Character building
- Keepy idle hands busy
- breakdown barriers between adolescent and adults
Against teen employment
- interferes with school
- unnecessary stress
- takes time away from more important leisure activities
- working long hours takes time away from school and might drop out
Why are girls more vulnerable to depression?
- Low levels of seratonin
- twice as likely as men
- cognitive styles- ruminate
- oxytocin
The ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It does not equate to memory, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory.
Crystallized intelligence
To think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge.
Fluid Intelligence
- Period of exploration, love and career.
- Not identity achieved
- Not cuturally universal
- when LGBT comes out
- high sex
Emerging Adulthood
4 Characteristics of Emerging Adulthood
- Responsibilities
- Intellectual assets
- Pschological assets
- Socail Assets
- Adapting logical thinking to practical constrains of real life
- life is uncertain/ambiguous.
- A+ B not = C
Pragmatism
Reflective Thinking
Evaluation of info that includes both logical evidence & implications (shades of gray)
Stage where there is more critical thinking. Plularistic. Reflective thinking & pragmatism.
Postformal Thought
mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from alcohol dependency
Alcoholism
this term is used when preference is for going to bed late and waking up late
eveningness
Negative impacts of binge drinking
- unintentional injuries
- alcohol poisoning
- STD’s
- Sex dysfunction
- intentional injuries
- neurological problems
Ideas for Intervention of binge drinking x5
- alternative activies
- education and counseling
- ad campaigns
- harsh penalties underage
- high tax
Kohlberg’s 3 Levels of Moral Reasoning
Discontinuous
- Preconventional
- Conventional
- Post Conventioanl
Preconventional
- Worrying about punishment and reward.
- Self Interest
Worrying about societal rules and norms. What society expects of me?
Conventional Reasoning (most common)
Post-Conventional
- Abstract personal principles.
- Autonomy or personal conviction
Cohabitation
two people who are not married live together in an emotionally/sexually intimate relationship on a long-term or permanent basis.
What purpose does college serve?
pluralistic, discovering your vocation, conventional reasoning.
Why do people drop out of college?
- 30-50%
- Financial problems
- Cultural disrespect, not wanted or valued
- Depression
- Anxiety
5 Stages of vocational exploration in emerging adulthood
- Fantasy (3-14) unrealistic doesn’t match up.
- Crystallization( 14-18) how do my talents match me?
- Specification (18-21)- firming goal
- Implementation (21-24) training/employment
- Stabilization (24-35) working/confirming
4 Ethnic Identity Statuses
- Bicultural
- Separated
- Assimilated
- Marginal
Bicultural
- High identification with majority culture
- high identification with ethnic grp
Separated
- low identi with majority culture
- high ident with ethnic group
Assimilated
- High identification with majority
- low identification with ethnic group
Marginal
- low identification with majority
- low identification with ethnic grp
What are some religious changes in emerging adulthood?
- DECLINE
Age related loss of vision of nearby objects
- Presbyopia- (loss of elasticity of lens)
Loss of muscle mass and strength
Sarcopenia
Age related loss of hearing, especially higher frequency sounds
Presbycusis
Mid life transition, fertility declines. More dramatic for women then men
Climacteria
maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs
Vital Capacity
Happens in late 40s to early 50s. Menstural period completely cease.
Menopause
inability of a man to maintain an erection sufficient for satisfying sexual activity
Erectile Dysfunction
Chronically high blood pressure. 73% are unaware of this.
Hypertension
Brittle thin bones. Rapid calcium depletion. 80% in females. More common after menopause.
Osteoporosis
An artificial pill that give you estrogen/progesterone. Alleviates hot flashes. Increase stroke, heart attack, and breast cancer.
Hormone Replacement Therapy
5 Physical changes during aging
- Wrinkling
- Age Spots
- Thinner hair/grayer
- yellowing of teeth
- Harder to see in low light
Name Some Symptoms of Menopause
- hot flashes
- Vaginal dryness
- painful intercourse
- mood disturbance
- urinary incontinance
Treatment for Menopause
Hormonone Replacement Therapy
Symptoms for Osteoporosis
- Anorexia
- bone fracture
- loss of height
- back pain
Treatment for Osteoporsis
- Calcium and Vitamin D
- Steroids
- More active lifestyle
- less alcohol use
- not smoking
Factors predicting LOW health outcome in middle adulthood
- Behavioral Influences (smoking/drinking)
- Socioeconomic
- Stress (takes off 20 years)
- Race Ethnicity
How does expertise contribut cognitive development in middle adulthood
- death rates have fallen 25%
- increase in solving problems effectively in a chosen vocational field
perpetuated influence on the next generation. Have I done something useful?
Generativity
Anxiety, unhappiness and critical reappraisal of one’s life. Focus on finite nature of life.
Mid life Crisis
What are the 2 kinds of stres
Unpredictable and unctonrollable. Shrinks your telomeres
Reviewing all of the events in your life and determining if you are accomplishing your goals
Mid life Review
Take on responsibility for parents and children
Sandwich generation
Normative Crisis Model
- Psychosocial development in universal stages,
- tied to a sequence of age-related crises.
Life Events Model
Timing of events, rather than age, determines course of psychosocial development
boomerang children
- revolving door
- unable to find a job
- more likely for men
- marrying at later ages
Changes associated with parenting during middle adulthood x5
- letting go
- dealing with adolescence
- sandwich
- empty nest
- grandparent?
Well being of middle adulthood
- feel younger than you are
- personal progress
- finding purpose in life
Findings on empy nest syndrome
- Parents can work harder when kids leave
- more time alone
- house stays cleaner
- Quiet
- loneliness/worry
- Prejudice or discrimination against a person for age
Ageism
- Gradual inevitable process of deterioration
Primary Aging
- Gradual decay resulting from bodily misuse or abuse
Secondary Aging
The study of Aging
Gerotology
- concern for guiding the next generation
- stems from optimism about humanity.
Generativity
Characteristics of Primary Aging
- genetic
- normal development
Characteristics of Secondary Aging
- Environment (internal/external)
- case by case
- A person’s ability to function effectively in his/her environment
Functional Age
- Program senscence
Genes switch on and off
Genetic Programming theories
- Program senescence
- Endocrine
- Immunology
- Evolutionary (lives long enough to reproduce)
- The term used to describe blurred vision where what you see is cloudy or opaque
Cataracts
Age Related Macular Degeneration
Can’t see fine details
Glaucoma
- Irreversible
- Damage to the optic nerve
- caused by inc pressure
- Deterioration in cognitive functioning due to physiological causes
Dementia
- Decline in long term memory
- irrevrsible brain disorder
- loss of control of bodily functions
- leading to death
Alzheimers
- Irreversible neurological disorder
- tremors
- stiffness
- slowed movement
- instability in posture
Parkinson’s Disease
Intelligence across lifespan
- fluid intelligence (short term memory) deteriorates
- crystalized intelligence increases over time (vocab, verbal memory)
Successful Ageing x4
- Disengagement Theory
- Activity Theory
- Continuity Theory
- Selective Optimization with Compensation (best)
Age successful if you naturally withdraw from society. Quieting emotions (bunk)
Disengagement Theory
Activity Theory
- As active as possible
- not true body says you can’t do certain things
- Social connections (finding someone to run with)
- The theory of doing what you have always done.
- Balance between past and present
- (too simple)
Continutity Theory
- Select meaninful things while choose new activities for things you can no longer do
Selective Optimization with Compensation
Factor in the Model of Personality x5
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Erickson’s stage theory for Emerging Adulthood
Intimacy vs Isolation
Erickson’s stage theory for Middle Adulthood
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erickson’s stage theory for Late Adulthood
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Retirement Stages
- Reorientation- re consider new options
- Routine-come to grips get comfortable
- Termination- go back to work, or can no longer function independently
Hospic Care
Palliative Care
- Reducing pain and suffering to help individual maintain dignity in death
Palliative Care
Emotional Numbness
Bereavement Grief
- Withholding available treatments
- allowing person to die
Passive Euthanasia
- Death induced deliberately as by injecting a letha dose of drug.
- 65% believe in the choice of PAS
Active Euthanasia
- A document expressing a person’s wishes about critical care when he or she is unable to decide for him or herself
Advanced Directive
- a patient suffering from an incurable disease, effected by the taking of lethal drugs provided by a doctor for this purpose.
Assisted Suiced
Complicated Grief
- unresolved despair over an extended period of time
- Example- pets, death of a child, unexpected accident
Disenfranchised Grief
- Socially ambiguous that cannot be openly mourned or supported
- Ex- sleeper effect, abortion, something that comes up later
How do children deal with death?
- honesty is the best
- dont understand its permanence
How do Adolescence and Young Adults deal with death?
- The WORST
- intense emotions due to personal fable and imaginary audience
- suicide contagion
How does middle adults deal with death
- # 2
- half of life is gone
- death is more noticeable
How does late adults deal with death?
- the best
- regulate emotions
- prepare
What makes people less anxious about death?
- have money in order- plan
- spiritual well developed philosophy of the after life
- complete unfinished business
