Human Development Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the Zone of Proximal Development
- Skills children can accomplish alone vs accomplished by an adult or competent peer
- VYGOTSKY
Scaffolding
- degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development.
- increasing as learner’s skills develop
- “bracing”
- VYGOTSKY
Pre-operational period
- Age 2-7 yrs, can represent the world symbolically
- unable to decenter thinking
Egocentrism
- Pre-operational
- inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another person’s
Centration
- Focused on one aspect of a cognitive problem, while excluding another important aspect
- egocentrism
- collective monologues
- conservative problems
Collective Monologues
- a person talking and not paying attention to others
- children playing together, but are in their own world not paying attention to one another
- conversations don’t relate collectively
Theory of Mind
- Ability to understand thinking processes in one’s self and others
What is the appearance reality confusion
- Children believe change in apperacne changes the object itself
- Imagination
- Disney world, believe thay met donald duck
3 Mountain Problem
- how the mountain looks from the opposite person’s point of view.
- Tests egocentrism
Conservation of Liquid Task from Pre-operational Child
- Same amount of liquid is poured in 2 different shapes
- Child thinks they have different amounts
- exclude other important aspectis
- CENTRATION
What is an example of appearance reality task?
- rock looks like a sponge
- when child discovered he/she was wrong, claims he/she alwas knew it was a sponge instead of a rock
What helps children perform better on false-belief or appearance reality tasks?
- put into cultural context
- use things that child knows more about
- mountains—> colorado
What develops according to information processing approach?
- Memory, Attention, Strategies
- Continuous
- flipbook
How do we test cognitive inhibition in early childhood?
- disengaging/re-directing
- Go/No-Go
- xxxxxyxyxyxxxxyxyxxxyxxxyxyxxxxyx
Theory of Mind Test- Sally Anne
- Sally has a basket
- Anne has a box
- Sally places a marble in her basket
- Sally leaves and anne places marble in her basket
- Where will Sally look for her marble?
Pro-social Behavior
- voluntary action to benefit others
- sharing, helping, caregiving, showing compassion
- not good until age 6
- example- model it, provide kids the opportunity to participate
The ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person’s distress
empathy
Learning the standards, values and knowledge of your society
Socialization
Self Concept
- phys & psych attribute that is unique to ea. individual
- view of self in relation to others
- attributes, abilites, values
- WILLIAM JAMES
Gender-Role Identity
- Babies look the same
- MEDIA, flower headbands
Gender Stability
- 5-6 yrs
- Awareness that sex is constant over time
- Less awarness when dressed in opposite sex clothing
- KOHLBERG
Gender Constancy
- gender does not change with activies or appearances
Self Regulation
- The abilit to controls one’s emotional behavior and internal states
- regulate emotions
- physicology
- thought
- behavior
Bandura’s view on gender development
- Social learning
- modeling-imitating
- pretend to mow the lawn like Dad
- differential reinforcement
Kohlberg’s view on Gender development
- Stage theorist
- Discontinous/Cognitive Approach
- basic sex role
- gender stability
- gender constancy
How is self regulation tested
- Marshmallow Test
- Broken Toy Gift
- Clean up Song
- Attractive toy on shelf (don’t touch)
4 Categories of Social Play
Vygotsky- learn by more skilled peers
- Solitary
- Parallel play- sharing materials
- Associative play- same toys & interacting (not the same goals
- Co-op- fantasy play. Role playing, goals.
What are the 4 Parenting Styles
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
- Rejecting
What is Authoritative Parenting
- high warmth/high demand
- high responsiveness
Outcomes of Authoritative style
- independent
- creative
- self assured
- socially skilled
What is authoritarian parenting?
- high demand
- low response
Outcomes of Authoritarian parenting
- dependent
- passive
- conforming
What is permissive parenting?
- low demand
- high response
Outcomes of Permissive Parenting
- irresponsible
- conforming
- immature
What is disengaged parenting
- low demand
- low response
Outcomes of Disengaged parents
- impulsive
- behavior problems
- early sex, drugs
How do pre-schoolers describe themselves?
- Very positive
- Pre-operational
- NO social comparison
Rules about structure & sequence of speech sounds. Need to hear sound distinctions.
Phonology
The way concepts are expressed (vocab words). Word pairing and overall comprehension.
Semantics-
watch sesame street with kids. talk to child a lot
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
syntax
Strategies Used to be effective & culturally appropriate. When to be quiet, eye contact, personal space.
Pragmatics
- Soft murmuring sound
- pre-language sounds
cooing
At 6 months babies do this so they can hear themselves
babbling
That high pitched voice your grandmother’s to articulate so baby understands. High pitched. Repeated words/phrases.
infant directed speech
Where is broca’s area
left frontal lobe specialied for language production
Wernicke’s Area
- left temporal lobe specialized for language production
A single word that represents whole sentences. Ex- “cup”= fill my cup
Holophrase
2 Word phrases that strip connecting words (and, the) “More Cookie”
telegraphic speech
Use word narrow mindedly. Ex- that’s not a dog, I have a real dog
Underextension
A single label where adults would use many. Ex- milk, all men are daddys
overextension
Forming quick associations, learning a new word ina structured social interaction. Adults need 10 exposures. 4 year old needs 1 exposure.
Fast Mapping
Applying gramatical rules even to words that are an exception to the rule. Ex- “mouses” instead of “mice”
Overregularization
The smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. Ex- trans-plant-ed
Morphemes
Smallest sound cateogires that distinguis meanings. At 6 months children can hear distinctions, dicriminate native sound.
Phonemes
Language meaning + language context. How many words can you use?
Receptive language
- 13-14 months 100 words
- 2 months 10 words
According to Chomsky, innate feature of the brain that enables children to pereceive grammatical rules in the languge around them
Language Acquisition Device
grammatical forms used with newly coined words
productive language
What is the problem of reference
- Ambiguity of words
- overextension/underextension
What is the nativist position?
Chomsky, children learn language at birth innate ability.
What are problems with the nativist acquisition of LAD
- no LAD has been discovered in the brain
- not a unique human trait
- Behaviorist believe that babies learn from imitation and practice with parents
Protein deficiency in childhood. Swollen belly. lethargy, irritability, hair thinning.
Kwashiorker
when the body wastes away from lack of nutrients
marasmus
7-11 yrs. Can comprehend more than one aspect at a time. Concrete- operational thinkier.
Decentration
Understanding relationship among things.
Categorization
- pre-ops can’t sort
Ability to arrange things in a logical order. Shortest to longest, thinnest to thickest, etc.
Seriation
Ability to place objects in a logical order mentally
transitive inference
Understanding relationship between party and whole. Ex- Are there more tulips or more flowers?
Class Inclusion
(pre-ops don’t get it)
Working Memory
ACTIVE short term memory. Temporary storage and manipulation of information
Repeating same information over and over
Rehearsal
Placing things mentally into meaningful categories to help you remember
organization
The best strategy. Connecting bits of information and putting them together to help remember. Making a story
Elaboration
Awareness of one’s own thought processes. Understanding how memory works.
Metacognition/Metamemory.
Obesity
- having a BMI exceeding 21
- 25% of children in the U.S.
Body Mass Index
a weight-to-height ratio
Ability to focus attention on relevant information and disregard what is irrelevant
selective attention
entry points for raw information from all the senses. If we do not process this information further, it disappears.
Sensory Register
Continuing storage of information
long-term memory
Drives the whole system (e.g. the boss of working memory) and allocates data to the subsystems
Central Executive
How to promote healthy eating in children
- Imitate adults and peers
- pleasant mealtime climate (not in front of TV)
- Introduce new foods without pressure (you can’t have this, its big-kid food)
What are 3 contributing factors to childhood obesity
- Stress
- TV
- Genes
What are 2 consequences of childhood obesity
- depression
- less likely to marry
What would you recommend for intervention to childhood obesity
- access to healthy foods- gardens at schools
- 60 min of activity ea. day
- social support
3 Types of Attention Memory Strategies
- Rehearsal
- Organization
- Elaboration
4 components of information processing model
- Attention memory strategy
- Sensory Register
- Working Memory
- Long-term Memory
Hostile Attribution Bias
- he did it on purpose
- aggressive child’s interpretation
- aimed at hurting another
Evaluation of one’s own behavior, ability, expertise and opinions by comparing them to others.
Social Comparison
An individual overall and specific positive/negative self evaluation
self esteem
children who are well liked by their peers (high # of nominations)
popularity
aimed at obtaining something because they want a toy.
Instrumental Aggression
physical aggression
- biting, hitting
- boys more likely
relational aggression
- spreading rumors
- hurtin social status or reputation of another
- girls more likely
one sibling acts as parental figure. Usually a female and older.
Caregiver Sibling Relationship
Siblings treat each other like friends
Buddy Sibling relationship
(gold standard)
Critical Sibling Relationship
high conflict, teasing, hostile. Happens more at divorce
Use each other as a benchmark
Rival Sibling Relationship
Don’t have a lot to do with each other
Causal Sibling Relationship
Behavior includes being friendly, helpful, cooperative, considerate
social skills
How do middle childhood aged children describe themselves
- Both negative and positive
- focus on abilities and interpersonal characteristics
- Social Comparison
- ex- sometimes I am a really good friend
4 factors that relate to status with peers
- High achievers
- Easy temperment
- attractive
- Parenting styles
2 Types of rejected children
- Aggression- violent
- withrawn- shy immature
Sociometric
Who do you like
The neglected child…
- Temproray status.
- By themselves.
- No nomiations.
- Ignored
The controversial child…
- high positive and high negative
- mixed nominations
3 Correlates of Chronic peer rejection
- emotional difficulties
- substance abuse
- Escape behaviors
(ability to socialize gets worse and worse because they lose the opportunity to get better)
Trends in self esteem across lifespan
- The higest during centered phase (for women highest it will ever be)
- Men decrease at retirement
- Women decrease when husband dies
- Women increase during child-bearing years
What aspect of self-esteem is most highly correlated with global self esteem
physical appearance
3 Correlates of low self-esteem
- Depression,
- delinquency
- poor social relationships
Cycle of Low Self-Esteem
- Low self esteem-low performance expectation -reduced effort (or high anxiety)-actual failure
How might self-esteem be improved
- increase emotional support
- coping skills
- increase competency (c-A student)
- Lower importance ratings
- increase effort, decrease anxiety
Historical changes in U.S. families
- same sex marriage
- single parents
- later marriage
- divorce
- families not having as much time
Negative impacts of divorce during childhood development
- School failure
- substance abuse
- delinquency
- sexual behavior
What are effects of re-marriage
- re-occurence of problems for girls.
- new father become authoritative
- for boys- new father like a friend
- mother-daughter fierce fighting
How to mitigate problems of divorce?
- joint custodoy
- best living arrangement? Who you had best relationship with.
- parents shouldn’t stay together for kids
Intelligence
- abstract
- things you learn over time
- reasoning, solving problems
Who designed the intelligence quotient
Binet & Simon
Intelligence Quotient
- Score of mental ability as assessed
- calculated relative to other people at the same age
What is IQ designed for
predict whether or not you are likely to succeed in school
3 Factors that contribute to test bias in IQ
- language and language customs
- test content
- testing conditions
Culturally biased. Schools don’t care that its biased, cultures should adapt.
flynn effect
- increase in the average test scores over time
- have to make tests harder, because teachers are teaching the tests
Crystallized Intelligence
- accumulated knowledge and skills
Fluid knowledge
- the ability to see relationships
Entity View of Ability
- the belief that ability is fixed and not improvable with effort/learning
Incremental view of ability
- the belief that ability is something that can be improved
Mastery Oriented Attributes
- success due to internal factors
- incremental view
- failure is due to low effort or external factors
- Learning goals-through effort
Learned Helplessness Attributes
- success due to external factors, luck
- failure due to low ability
- entity view
- performance goals- positive over neg evaluations
