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Spring Semester 2014 > Human Development Exam 1 > Flashcards

Human Development Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensitive Period

A

susceptible to environmental experiences

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2
Q

Critical Period

A

When an event has greatest consequence. Must happen in a window of time.

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3
Q

Plasticity

A

Degree to which development can be influenced by environment

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4
Q

Performationism

A

children are like minature adults

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5
Q

Tabula Rasa

A
  • John Locke
  • Children, clean slate.
  • innately good
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6
Q

Continuous

A
  • gradual process. Builds on itselv
  • Quantitative
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7
Q

Discontinuous

A
  • Abrupt.
  • Does not build
  • Qualitative
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8
Q

Testable prediction about 2 or more variables

A

Hypothesis

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9
Q

Observation & Experimentation that produces reliable results

A
  • Scientific Method
    • Question
    • Hypothesis
    • Testing
    • Collect Data
    • Draw conclusion
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10
Q

Systemic People watching

A
  • Naturalistic Observation
    • can’t establish ause an effect because no control
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11
Q

Detailed examination of the life of one person

A

Case Study

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12
Q

Statistical relationship between 2 variables. Knowing one makes possible to predict the other

A

Correlational study

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13
Q

An experimental group and a control group

A

Experiment

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14
Q

Variable is different for the experimental group than for the control Group

A

Independent Variable

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15
Q

outcome can be measured to calculate the results of the experiment by comparing the ex group with the control group

A

Dependent Variable

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16
Q

Collecting data of a variety of ages on a single occasion

A

Cross Sectional Research

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17
Q

Same persons are followed over time and data collected on 2 or more occasions

A

Longitudinal Research

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18
Q

An explanation of historical experience rather than maturation.

A

Cohort Effect ex. 911 or Katrina

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19
Q

Unconscious biological focus. Freud

A

Psychoanalytic

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20
Q

Theory that behavior results from our experiences and what receive from external environment

A

Behaviorism

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21
Q

Looking to the caregiver for cues

A

Social Referencing

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22
Q

For all age groups a process that exists for cognitive functioning

A

Information Processing

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23
Q

Cognitive Development

A

how cognition changes with Age. Piaget.

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24
Q

Social and cultural factors

A

sociocultural

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25
Q

Ecological Systems

A
  • shaped by 5 interrelated systems in the social environment.
  • Too broad
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26
Q

Pros for longitudinal Research

A

can follow one age group over time and get a consistant study

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27
Q

Cons for Longitudinal Research x6

A
  • Cost
  • Time
  • Attrition
  • Practice
  • Measurement change
  • Less of an impact over time
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28
Q

Pros for Cross sectional research

A
  • Fast, easy cheap
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29
Q

Cons for Cross Sectional Research

A
  • Measures developmental differences not developmental change.
  • Cohort differences
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30
Q

Cons with Correlational Research

A
  • statistical relationships can be interpreted in terms of changes in one variable causing changes in the other
  • Directionality Problem
  • what if third variable effects both
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31
Q

Cons with Lab testing

A
  • Ethical Dilemma
  • Artifical context
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32
Q

Problems with Clinical Interview

A

relies on verbal expression. Difficult to compare between other individuals.

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33
Q

Problems with Psycho-biological

A
  • Information you cannot observe
  • expensive
  • invasive
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34
Q

Problems with case study

A

Can’t generalize. Tend to make assumption about everyone

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35
Q

Problems with Naturalistic Observation

A

difficult to be objective. Observer can affect situation they are observing

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36
Q

Problems with Self Report

A

Selective Memory, inaccurate

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37
Q

Normal cell division, exact mutation always happens

A

mitosis

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38
Q

Contain Gametes. 23 from Mom 23 from Dad.

A

Meiosis

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39
Q

When the union of sperm and ovum and new cell occurs

A

zygote

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40
Q

Fraternal twins

A

dizygotic

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41
Q

100% genetic material. Identical Twins

A

Monozygotic

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42
Q

double stranded make up of chromosomes

A

DNA

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43
Q

Store and transport genetic information. In nucleus of cells contains genes.

A

Chromosomes

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44
Q

Contain Instructions, Proteins, Segment DNA

A

GENE

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45
Q

X & Y Chromosomes. X is longer with more genetic material

A

Sex Chromosomes

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46
Q

Unique Genetic Inheritance

A

Genotype

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47
Q

Actual characteristics derived from genotype

A

phenotype

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48
Q

2 Dominant 2 Recessive

A

homozygous

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49
Q

1 dominant 1 recessive

A

Heterozygous

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50
Q

When the dominant gene gets expressed

A

Dominant Inheritance

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51
Q

When recessive gene is influential

A

Recessive Inheritance

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52
Q

Many genes determine a characteristic

A

Polygenic Inheritance

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53
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Method of treating genetic disorders by replacing affected genes

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54
Q

Mutations

A
  • Caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA,
  • deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
  • Ex Sickle Cell Anemia
55
Q

X-linked inheritance

A
  • recessive x chromosome,
  • females have a back up males do not.
  • Recessive gets expressed
56
Q

PKU

A
  • Phenylketonura
  • Epigenetics- single gene mutation
  • Lack enzyme for tyrosine
  • inhibit formation of myein.
    • avoid starchy foods
57
Q

Extra copy of 21st pair

A

down syndrome

58
Q

Heritability

A

genes responsible for differences among persons (estimate)

59
Q

Passive Genotype

A
  • both genes & env’t
  • parents provide environment through development
60
Q

Active Genotype

A

niche picking to match their gene

61
Q

Evocative Genotype

A
  • Child driven
  • evoke response from others
62
Q

the outset of meiosis exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes

A

Crossing Over

63
Q

Germinal Stage

A
  • Shortest period
  • begins at fertilization ends at implantation (8-10 days later)
64
Q

Embryonic Stage

A
  • Implantation at end of 8th week
  • organ development
  • can touch move
65
Q

Fetal Stage

A
  • 9th week until birth
  • Sexual Differentiation
  • 1.5” - 20”
  • .02 lbs- 7 lbs
  • GROWTH
66
Q

Top to bottom growth

A

Cephalocaudal Pattern

67
Q

In to out. Heart first

A

Proximodistal

68
Q

Age of Viability

A

3rd Trimester. 20 weeks

69
Q

Any environmental factor that may affect a fetus

70
Q

Blastocyst

A

Ball of 100 cells formed 1 week following conception

71
Q

Neural Tube

A
  • Part of the endoderm that will become spinal chord and Brain
  • during embryonic period
72
Q

Maternal Stress

A
  • fetus builds on itself permanently to deal with this kind of stress env’t
  • When born may have pathological issues.
73
Q

Maternal Nurtrition

A

Risk for Pre-term births & small for date

74
Q

Effects of Alcohol on Fetus x6

A
  • Psychopath
  • hyperactivity
  • 30% chance of fetal alchol syndrome
  • Small heald
  • Lack of conolutions
  • Eye problems
75
Q

Effects of Opiates on Fetus x4

A
  • Addictd baby
  • Anemia
  • Cardiac Disease
  • Still birth
76
Q

Tobacco on fetus x4

A
  • Low O2 and high carbon Monoxide
  • Low birth weight
  • fast heart beat
  • still birth
77
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Cat little feces

78
Q

Effects of Mercury on fetus x5

A
  • Minimata disease
  • limb problems
  • mental health
  • cardiac
  • paralysis
79
Q

Types of Teratogens

A
  • pollution
  • radiation
  • viruses/diseases
  • alchohol
  • drugs
80
Q

2nd Trimester

A

Vernix Lanugo

81
Q

Survival Weeks

82
Q

Sexual differentiation

A
  • First week no anatomical gender
  • karyotype distinguishes male from female
  • Gonadal differences
83
Q

Upside down delivery

A
  • breech.
  • Oxygen deprivation.
  • Suctioning
84
Q

Fontanels

A

soft spot on baby’s skull, shift during birth

85
Q

Apgar Scale

A
  • Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
  • 7 or higher
  • 1-5 min after birth
86
Q

Anoxia

A
  • Grows lanugo (hair).
  • Blue in the face.
  • Oxygen deprivation
87
Q

Low birth weight

A

less than 5.5 lbs

88
Q

Pre-term

A
  • womb no longer comfortable environment
  • high bp
89
Q

Small for date

A
  • problem with fetus
  • weigh less than 90% of other neonates at age group
  • 4 times higher death rate
90
Q

Kangaroo Care

A
  • Being strapped to mothers body
  • skin-skin
  • 2-3 hours a day
91
Q

Stages of Childbirth

A
  1. Dilation, cervix thinking. Transition (12-14 hours)
  2. Pushing, birth of baby
  3. Placenta (hope breast milk will come)
92
Q

head turns when cheek is strokes

93
Q

babinski

A

stroke foot and toes fan out

94
Q

Moro

A

arms thrust out when head and neck not supported

95
Q

stepping reflex

A

when feet on flat surface baby will walk

96
Q

grasping

A

grasp object placed in hand

97
Q

SIDS

A
  • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (btwn 1-4 mnths)
  • no apparent illness or disorder
  • sleeping on stomach
  • forget to breathe
98
Q

Synaptogenesis

A
  • up to 3 years of age
  • rapid development of dendtritic trees
99
Q

3 Changes in the brain

A
  1. Myelination
  2. Synaptogenesis
  3. Synaptic Pruning
100
Q

Myelination

A
  • myelin sheath
  • around axon of a neuron.
  • essential for functioning of the nervous system.
101
Q

Experience expectant

A
  • Expect due to evolutionary heritage
  • Commonalities
  • Explain universals of human development
102
Q

Experience Dependent

A
  • Individual differences
  • Unique experiences (yelling at home)
103
Q

Visual cliff

A
  • depth perception. Ability to discern relative objects in environment
  • requires practice and experience
104
Q

Strange Situation

A
  • Ainsworth
  • most reliable assessment of attachemtn
  • anxious disorganized when caregiver is gone
105
Q

Crying Contagion

A
  • when one cries they all cry
  • recruiting adults
  • think there is something wrong
106
Q

Six Week Peak

A

crying tapers off

107
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A
  • dying off of unused dendtrites.
  • Done by 15 yrs
  • Plasticity
108
Q

Back to sleep program

A
  • Educational program about healthy sleep
109
Q

6 Benefits for Breast fed baby

A
  1. Decrease risk of obesity
  2. antibodies
  3. digestion
  4. jaw development
  5. myelination
  6. iron absoprtion
110
Q

Theory

A

explain and make predictions about development

111
Q

Secondary emotions

A
  • Self conscious
  • 18-24 months
  • embaressment
  • pride
  • shame
112
Q

Sensorimotor

A
  • Infants learn about the world thru own senses
113
Q

Goodnes of fit

A
  • temperment and environmental demands
  • change env’t to FIT child temperment
114
Q

Novelty Preference

A
  • Basic infant tendency that habituation pardigms capitilize on.
  • want to see something new
115
Q

Protective Factors

A
  • Environmental Factors allow to thrive even in the fae of adveristy
  • secure attachment
116
Q

Preferential Looking Paradigm

A
  • 2 stimulis side-by-side
  • measure looking time
  • born with morality
117
Q

Violation of Expectation

A
  • babies look longer at what they can’t understand
118
Q

Habituation

A
  • Gradual reduction of response due to repetition of stimuli
  • bored
119
Q

Internal Working Model

A
  • Self Awareness and others
120
Q

Attachment

A
  • Enduring emotional mond between mother and baby
121
Q

Difficult Tempermant

A
  • negative moods
  • don’t adapt well
122
Q

4 Factors that Characterize Attachment

A
  1. Separation distress
  2. happy at reunion
  3. social referencing
  4. proximity seeking
123
Q

Representation

A
  • being able to create a mental image
124
Q

Object Permanence

A
  • knowing an object continues to exist even when it is not there.
125
Q

Deferred Imitation

A
  • ability to repeat actions observed at an earlier time
126
Q

3 types of evidence used to demonstrate Representation

A
  1. Object Permanence
  2. Deferred Imitation
  3. Make-believe play
127
Q

A not B Error

A
  • incomplete understanding
  • Piaget
  • don’t understand that objects exist independent of own actions
  • OR memory limitation. Tendency to REPEAT
128
Q

Joint Attention

A
  • shared focus of two individuals on an object
129
Q

Risk Factor

A
  • Something negative
  • insecure attachement
  • increase negative outcome
130
Q

Harlow Tests Freud

A
  • Monkey, 1 had fleece blanket 1 had milk
  • Bowlby was right, 22hours, need blanket
131
Q

3 Factors that Predict Secure Attachment

A
  1. Consitency
  2. Sensitivity
  3. Low cortisol
132
Q

Rouge Test

A
  • Lipstic on nose
  • baby in mirror se see if they touch it
  • Self Recognition
  • should pass by 18 months
133
Q

3 Impirical Interventions

A
  1. Ventral Ventral Contact
  2. Massage
  3. Kangaroo Care
134
Q

Preferential looking and Habituation

A

baby has tendency to look at habituated stimulus

Spring Semester 2014 (7 decks)

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