Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio-30 > Human Development > Flashcards

Human Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The union of sperm and egg cells, resulting in a zygote /w 46 chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The single cell formed by the fusion of sperm and egg during fertilization, which undergoes mitosis to form an embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Rapid cell division of the zygote without increasing its size leading to a cluster of smaller cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the formation of a morula.

A

After several cell divisions, the zygote becomes a solid ball of cells called a morula.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A structure formed when the morula fills with fluid, consisting of a trophoblast (outer layer) and inner cell mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define implantation.

A

The process by which the blastocyst attaches to the uterine lining, enabling further development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and why is it important?

A

A hormone secreted by the trophoblast that maintains the corpus luteum, supporting early pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens during gastrulation?

A

The embryo forms three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), setting the stage for organ formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the primary germ layers and their functions?

A

Ectoderm forms skin and nervous tissue, mesoderm forms muscles and bones, and endoderm forms internal organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define morphogenesis and differentiation.

A

Morphogenesis is the development of form and structure, while differentiation is cell specialization for specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm, leading to the development of the brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the main changes during the fetal period (weeks 9-birth)?

A

Organ growth and maturation, with emphasis on brain and skeletal development and fat accumulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the role of the placenta

A

The placenta supplies nutrients and oxygen, removes waste, and produces hormones essential for pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

A

It connects the fetus to the placenta, transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste between the mother and fetus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Agents like alcohol, drugs, and pollutants that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the effects of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)?

A

FASD causes growth deficiencies, brain damage, learning disabilities, and social challenges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormones are involved in parturition?

A

Oxytocin (triggers contractions) and prostaglandins (enhance contractions and cervix dilation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the stages of labor

A
  1. Dilation stage (cervix opens); 2. Expulsion stage (baby is delivered); 3. Placental stage (afterbirth is expelled).
19
Q

What is lactation?

A

Milk production initiated by prolactin and milk ejection stimulated by oxytocin.

20
Q

How does the suckling reflex work?

A

Infant suckling triggers oxytocin release, causing milk ejection from mammary glands.

21
Q

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

A

A procedure where eggs are fertilized outside the body, then implanted into the uterus.

22
Q

What is Artificial Insemination (AI)?

A

A process of directly placing sperm into the female reproductive tract.

23
Q

What is Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)?

A

A technique where a single sperm is injected into an egg to aid fertilization.

24
Q

What is Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)?

A

Placing sperm and egg directly in the fallopian tube for natural fertilization.

25
Q

What is surrogacy?

A

An arrangement where a surrogate carries a pregnancy for someone who cannot.

26
Q

What are hormonal contraceptives?

A

Methods that use hormones to prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or alter the uterine lining.

27
Q

What are barrier methods of contraception?

A

Devices like condoms and diaphragms that block sperm from reaching the egg.

28
Q

Describe sterilization procedures.

A

Permanent methods like tubal ligation in females and vasectomy in males that prevent reproduction.

29
Q

What is emergency contraception?

A

Pills or devices used after intercourse to prevent pregnancy by delaying ovulation or preventing implantation.

30
Q

What are some ethical considerations regarding embryo use?

A

Concerns about the moral status of embryos created or discarded during IVF

31
Q

Why is consent important in reproductive technology?

A

Ensuring all parties (donors, surrogates) understand rights and responsibilities

32
Q

What are ethical concerns related to genetic screening?

A

Concerns about eugenics and the impact of choosing certain traits, such as “designer babies.”

33
Q

What are the concerns regarding accessibility and equity in reproductive technology?

A

Ensuring that these technologies are affordable and available to all, not just a few.

34
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Jelly layer around the egg cell that binds sperm for fertilization and prevents additional sperm from entering after one has fertilized the egg.

35
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Layer of cells surrounding the egg that provides nutrients and protection. It also assists in the sperm’s binding and penetration during fertilization.

36
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that provides nutrients to the embryo and develops into part of the placenta, helping in implantation and supporting early pregnancy.

37
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

Outermost germ layer that develops into the skin, nervous system, and sensory organs.

38
Q

What is the mesoderm?

A

Middle germ layer forms muscles,bones,the circulatory system, and internal structures like kidneys and reproductive organs.

39
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

Innermost layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts as well as organs like the liver and pancreas.

40
Q

What is neuralation?

A

Process in early development where the ectoderm forms the neural tube, which will develop into the brain and spinal cord. This is a significant step in the formation of the central nervous system.

41
Q

What is the amnion

A

Membrane that surrounds the developing embryo and fills with amniotic fluid to protect the embryo from physical shock and dehydration and whatnot.

42
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Outermost membrane, involved in the formation of the placenta. It facilitates gas exchange and nutrient exchange between mother and embryo.

43
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Involved in waste disposal and gas exchange. It contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord and helps in the development of blood vessels in the placenta.

44
Q

What does the yolk sac do

A

Sit pretty and do fuck all for mammals. In non mammals it provides nutrients n shit.

Bio-30 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions