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genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A

Alleles segregate randomly during gamete formation, and each gamete receives one copy of each gene.

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2
Q

What does “true breeding” mean?

A

True breeding plants exhibit the same characteristics generation after generation.

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3
Q

Define genotype and phenotype.

A

Genotype: The combination of alleles an organism has. Phenotype: The observable physical traits.

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4
Q

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

A

Homozygous: Two identical alleles for a trait. Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a trait.

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5
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross between two parents that differ in a single gene.

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6
Q

What is a Punnett square used for?

A

A tool used to predict the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of genetic crosses.

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7
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.

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8
Q

What is crossing over, and when does it occur?

A

Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis.

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9
Q

What is a recombinant type?

A

Offspring with a different combination of traits than the parents due to crossing over.

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10
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?

A

Alleles for different genes assort independently during gamete formation.

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11
Q

How are map units calculated?

A

Recombination frequency = Number of recombinant offspring ÷ Total offspring × 100%.

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12
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

A pattern where heterozygotes show an intermediate phenotype (e.g., pink flowers from red and white).

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13
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

Both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype (e.g., roan cattle have red and white hairs).

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14
Q

Define polygenic traits.`

A

Traits controlled by multiple genes, such as human height.

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15
Q

What is a sex-linked trait?

A

A trait controlled by a gene located on a sex chromosome, often on the X chromosome.

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16
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

The inactivated X chromosome in female cells.

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17
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

The process of breeding plants or animals for specific traits.

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18
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A chart showing the inheritance of traits over generations.

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19
Q

How do you distinguish autosomal dominant traits in pedigrees?

A

Affected individuals have at least one affected parent; the trait does not skip generations.

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20
Q

What are autosomal recessive traits?

A

Traits where individuals must inherit two recessive alleles to show the phenotype; unaffected parents can have affected children.

21
Q

Give an example of a genetic condition caused by autosomal recessive inheritance.

A

Cystic fibrosis or phenylketonuria (PKU).

22
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

The process of testing individuals for the presence of certain genes or genetic conditions.

23
Q

What is the role of a genetic counselor?

A

To assess the risk of genetic conditions, provide information, and offer emotional support to families.

24
Q

What is the chromosome Theory of Inheritance?

A

Genes are carried on chromosomes.

25
Q

What is chromosome mapping?

A

The process of determining the relative positions of genes on a chromosome based on recombination frequencies.

26
Q

What is a map unit?

A

A unit of measurement for genetic linkage; 1 map unit = 1% recombination frequency.

27
Q

What are recombinant types?

A

Offspring with new combinations of traits resulting from crossing over during meiosis.

28
Q

What are parental types?

A

Offspring whose traits match one of the parental genotypes without recombination.

29
Q

Define recombination frequency.

A

The percentage of recombinant offspring produced in a genetic cross, used to measure the distance between genes.

30
Q

What are sex-linked traits?

A

Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes (X or Y chromosomes).

31
Q

What does the term multiple alleles mean?

A

A situation where more than two alleles exist for a gene in a population.

32
Q

What is meant by the order of dominance?

A

The hierarchy of dominance among multiple alleles, determining phenotype expression.

33
Q

What are continuous traits?

A

Traits that exhibit a range of phenotypes due to polygenic inheritance.

34
Q

Define polygenic traits.

A

Traits controlled by multiple genes, contributing to continuous variation in phenotype.

35
Q

What is genetic screening?

A

Testing individuals to determine the presence of specific genes or genetic conditions.

36
Q

What is a test cross?`

A

A cross between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype.

37
Q

What does the phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1 in a dihybrid cross signify?

A

The ratio of offspring phenotypes when two heterozygotes for two independently assorting traits are crossed.

38
Q

What is heterozygote advantage?

A

A condition where heterozygous individuals have a survival advantage, such as in sickle cell trait providing resistance to malaria.

39
Q

How does polygenic inheritance affect phenotypes?

A

Polygenic traits show a range of phenotypes due to the additive effects of multiple genes (e.g., human height, skin color).

40
Q

What does a recombination frequency of 50% indicate?

A

The genes are either on different chromosomes or very far apart on the same chromosome, assorting independently.

41
Q

How do you determine the order of genes on a chromosome?

A

Use recombination frequencies to infer relative distances and construct a linear map.

42
Q

What does a low recombination frequency between two genes suggest?

A

The genes are located close to each other on the same chromosome.

43
Q

How can you identify an autosomal recessive trait in a pedigree?

A

Unaffected parents produce affected offspring; the trait may skip generations.

44
Q

How can you identify an X-linked recessive trait?

A

Males are more frequently affected, and the trait is passed from carrier mothers to sons.

45
Q

What evidence shows a dominant inheritance pattern in a pedigree?

A

The trait appears in every generation, and affected individuals usually have at least one affected parent.

46
Q

Why is male-to-male inheritance impossible for X-linked traits?

A

Males inherit their X chromosome from their mother, not their father

47
Q

How does epistasis affect inheritance?

A

One gene masks or modifies the expression of another gene.

48
Q
A

Bio-30 (6 decks)

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