Hardy Weinburg Flashcards
What is a population?
A group of the same species living in the same area at the same time
What is a community?
Different populations (species) living together in one area.
What is genotype frequency?
The % of individuals with a certain genetic combo (like BB, Bb, bb)
What is phenotype frequency?
The % of individuals that show a certain trait (like black fur)
What is allele frequency?
How common a single allele (like B or b) is in a population.
What are the 5 Hardy-Weinberg conditions?
- Large population
- Random mating
- No mutations
- No migration
- No natural selection
What are the Hardy-Weinberg equations?
p + q = 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
What is an example of microevolution?
Mosquitoes becoming resistant to DDT, increasing the resistant allele.
Why is low genetic diversity bad?
Populations can’t adapt well, leading to higher extinction risk.
How do mutations affect diversity?
They add new alleles = more genetic variation.
What is gene flow?
Movement of genes between populations, changing allele frequencies.
How does non-random mating affect allele frequencies?
It changes genotype frequencies and can lead to more homozygous traits (like with inbreeding).
What is genetic drift?
Random changes in allele frequency, especially in small populations.
What is the founder effect?
A new population started by a small group; alleles reflect the founders, not the original group.
What is the bottleneck effect?
A disaster drastically reduces population size and genetic diversity
How does natural selection affect allele frequencies?
Traits that help survival become more common; less useful traits fade out.
How do humans reduce genetic diversity?
Through habitat loss, selective hunting/fishing, and poorly managed captive breeding.
