Endocrine System Flashcards
RH
Releasing hormone induce the production and secretion of pituitary hormones, which in turn are transported by the blood to their target glands (e.g., the adrenal glands, gonads, or thyroid)
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone (in women) triggers the growth of eggs in the ovaries and gets the eggs ready for ovulation. In men, FSH helps control the amount of sperm that the testicles (testes) make.
LH
Luteinizing hormone helps control the menstrual cycle. It also triggers the release of an egg from the ovary. This is called ovulation.
ACTH
The main function of adrenocorticotropic hormone is to stimulate your adrenal glands to release cortisol.
TSH
TSH tells your thyroid how much thyroid hormone it needs to make. If the thyroid hormone levels in your blood are too low, your pituitary gland makes larger amounts of TSH to tell your thyroid to work harder.
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a chemical produced in the brain that causes the kidneys to release less water (by signalling the kidneys to conserve water), decreasing the amount of urine produced
Prolactin
the two primary responsibilities are milk production and the development of mammary glands within breast tissues.
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is produced by our brain’s pituitary gland and governs our height, bone length and muscle growth.
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a natural hormone that stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth and lactation after childbirth
T4
Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. It plays vital roles in metabolism, heart and muscle function, brain development, and maintenance of bones
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is a hormone that your thyroid gland makes and releases to help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it. It does this by blocking the breakdown of bone calcium and by preventing your kidneys from reabsorbing calcium.
PTH
PTH increases calcium reabsorption at the kidneys by stimulating bone cells to release calcium and by stimulating the kidneys and the intestine to reabsorb calcium.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are the hormones behind your “fight-or-flight” response. Raise blood glucose. Norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) help maintain normal blood glucose levels by stimulating glucagon release, glycogenolysis, and food consumption, and by inhibiting insulin release.
Cortisol
Regulating your body’s stress response: During times of stress, your body can release cortisol after releasing its “fight or flight” hormones, such as adrenaline, so you continue to stay on high alert. In addition, cortisol triggers the release of glucose (sugar) from your liver for fast energy during times of stress + breaks down proteins. (Stimulated by ACTH)
Aldosterone
Aldosterone regulates the salt and water balance of the body by increasing the retention of sodium and water and the excretion of potassium by the kidneys. (Raises blood pressure because of sodium retention)
Insulin
Insulin moves glucose from your blood into cells all over your body. Glucose comes from both the food and drinks you consume and your body’s natural release of stored glucose (glycogen). (Converts to glycogen +makes cells more permeable to glucose) decreases blood glucose.
Glucagon
Glucagon’s role in the body is to prevent blood glucose levels dropping too low. To do this, it acts on the liver in several ways: It stimulates the conversion of stored glycogen (stored in the liver) to glucose, which can be released into the bloodstream.
Gigantism
Hyper-growth hormone in children
Dwarfism
Hypo-growth hormone in children
Acromegaly
Hyper-growth hormone in adults
Cretinism
Hypo-thyroxin in children
Myxoedema
Hypo-thyroxine in adults
Goitre
Enlarged thyroid from relentless thyroxine production
Graves disease
The antibodies in Graves’ disease (thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies) primarily target the thyroid gland. In response to these antibodies, the thyroid gland becomes overactive and starts to make too much thyroid hormone. (Hyper-TSH)
Addison’s disease
Addison’s disease is caused by damage to the adrenal glands. Causes insufficient cortisol + aldosterone
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). This reaction destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, called beta cells.
Type 2 diabetes
Caused because the insulin receptors in the body stop responding to insulin. In other cases, the beta cells produce less and less insulin overtime. Controlled by diet, exercise, + oral medications.
What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
Releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones
What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?
FSH (follicle stimulating), LH (luteinizing hormone), ACTH, TSH, Prolactin,Growth hormone.
What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?
ADH, oxytocin
What hormones does the thyroid secrete?
Thyroxine, calcitonin
What hormones does the parathyroid secrete?
PTH
What hormones do the adrenal glands secrete?
Cortex: cortisol,aldosterone,gonadocorticoids
Medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine
What hormones does the pancreas secrete?
Insulin + glucagon
What hormones does the pancreas secrete?
Insulin + glucagon
